Pros And Cons Of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Alzheimer’s Disease is a disease of the future. With the growing aged population, this disease, which affects primarily the elderly, will become of increasing relevance to the medical profession. Also, the high frequency of Alzheimer’s, and the high cost in labor, money, and material of caring for its victims shall put considerable burden on the society as a whole. Here, however, these issues are not going to be debated. Instead the pathology of Alzheimer’s will be reviewed to the extent it is known today.

Alzheimer’s is a difficult disease for everyone to understand. This disease has diverse effects on each person diagnosed with it. Considering that the symptoms are similar to other diseases and syndromes, it may be hard to know the initial cause of the disease itself. Knowing if someone truly has Alzheimer’s only comes after the person’s death and an autopsy is performed on the brain. By better understanding the disease with information that we already have, it will help further assist alongside someone who is undergoing this destructive process.

Alzheimer’s is an irreversible disease normally affecting the elderly population and is progressive in nature causing degeneration that leads to impairments in memory, reasoning, planning, and behaviour. It is a neurodegenerative disorder that adversely affects neurons in the brain, ultimately resulting in loss of memory and language, behavioural disturbances, and dependence on caregivers (Phillips, Baktir, Das, Lin & Salehi, 2015, p. 1047). Alzheimer’s has 3

Alzheimer 's disease is a severe illness that affects the brain and leads to gradual memory loss, reduced intellectual ability and deterioration function of thinking. Alzheimer 's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is a progressive neurological disorder that increasingly robs individuals of cognitive, behavioral, and functional skills (Demakis, 2007). The reason for the appearance this disease is a collection of disorders in the brain due to which its cells are dying partially. In the case of the early stage of Alzheimer disease when the disease is not carried out the appropriate treatment mental functions are destroyed completely. The disease is diagnosed mainly in elderly people. The symptoms of Alzheimer 's disease, were first isolated by German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer, is one of the most common forms of dementia. “As is well known, Alzheimer first described the disease that would eventually be named for him at a meeting of the South West German Psychiatrists in Tubingen in 1906. It was a brief report of the case of a 51year old woman who developed progressive dementia, accompanied by focal signs, hallucinations and delusions. On post-mortem, her brain was found to contain numerous senile plaques and a newly observed pathological structure – densely twisted bundles of neurofibrils, or neurofibrillary tangles, which were made visible to microscopic observation through a newly developed silver-staining technique.” (Perry, G. et. all, 2006). Typically, the

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, and currently affects over five million US citizens. It is estimated 35 million people suffer with AD world wide, with incidences increasing rapidly. It is projected by the year 2050, cases of AD will nearly double. After symptoms become noticeable, those with Alzheimers have an average of eight years to live before it takes their lives. Although there are variety of known factors contributing to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease, compelling evidence for the causes and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease are being discovered in the realm of nutrition. Simply put, Alzheimer’s disease is the most prevalent form of dementia. Dementia is the loss of both memory

The research into Alzheimer's Disease has come a long way since 1906 when it is was discovered by Alois Alzheimer. He detected microscopic brain tissue changes called senile and neuritic plaques in deceased patients. These are chemical deposits consisting of protein molecules called Amyloid Precursor Protein(APP) that are fundamental components of a normal brain. However in the brain of an Alzheimer patient, an enzyme cuts the APP apart and leaves fragments in the brain tissue. These combined with degenerating nerve cells cause the plaques or lesions. These lesions are found in many sections of the brain including the hippocampus which regulates emotion and memory, the basal forebrain, and especially the basal nucleus of Meynert and the cortex, where the memory function is located.(2) Another sign of a diseased brain are neurofibrillary tangles, which are malformations within nerve cells.

An MRI consists of multiple powerful magnets which cause the atoms to resonate within the body. The nuclei produce their very own magnetic field which is able to be picked up by scanners and then turned into pictures for easier study and documentation. Since the body is mostly made up of water, the hydrogen atoms are able to align once the magnets are turned on in the machine. Two of the most popular MRIs would be the Functional MRI which studies the blood flow to the brain, while the Diffusion MRI studies the water molecules and how they diffuse throughout the body

Querfurth, H. and LaFerla, F. Alzheimer’s Disease. The New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 362, pp. 329-344,

NMR is a form of spectroscopy that utilizes external magnetic fields and signals to identify the chemical structure of organic molecules, creating a gradient image. Through applying an applied Radio Frequency, the proton is able to flip into higher energy states, and then relax. This process is recorded by a NMR Spectrometer, and the difference in energy provides it with a certain NMR Signal. The difference in the magnetic fields of the allows for a gradient image of the area. There are various types of imaging that are useful for fast imaging or 3D imaging such as Gradient-Echo Imaging or Volume Imaging. Some other applications of the same principles that apply to MRIs mainly relate to the identification of organic molecules such as Protein Folding and Drug Development. Although MRI is a relatively safe and harmless process as opposed to other forms of imaging such as X-rays, certain aspects still pose a risk to patients

The philosophy of proteins begins with their structures and meaning towards life. The fundamental concept of protein science is that the making of protein structure(s) is found within the protein sequence(s) and the structure also determines the function of a protein (1). Proteins are essential components all living cells need. They are the most profuse group of all biological molecules and are vastly complicated organic compounds found in living cells. Many substances such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies are examples of proteins. The structure of a protein is made up of many different types of amino acids that form polypeptides. However, amino acids only form when a protein sequence is needed for a particular reason. Protein sequencing

Introduction: The goal of this experiment was to practice using the FirstGlance in Jmol molecular visualization to examine key structural features of proteins. This work is important because protein structure can be related to function, multiple-sequence alignments and evolutionary preservation, and designing drug. FirstGlance in Jmol makes it fairly easy to perceive structure-function relationships in the protein you chose. Using FirstGlance, it is easy to visualize and distinguish chains, and disulfide bonds are obvious. Alpha helices and beta strands are evident due to the "cartoon" secondary structural schematic.

To understand Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) it is first necessary to understand Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). NMR involves protons that have a certain level of positive electric charge, causing them to move in a loops and creating a Magnetic Dipole Moment. When this proton is placed inside a magnetic field it causes the Magnetic Dipole Moment to alter its spin and align with magnetic field. This alteration in axis precessing is defined as the ‘precession axis’ (Mlynárik, 2016).

Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disorder that wipes out a person’s memory in stages to the point they have to be assisted in living and completing daily tasks. First discovered in 1906 by Dr. Alzheimer, he noticed changes in the brain tissue of a woman who had died of mental illness had many abnormal clumps and tangled bundle of fibers ( ). The three main features of Alzheimer’s disease are the Amyloid Plaques, Neurofibrillary Tangles, and the loss of connection between neurons in the brain. Alzheimer’s disease has a gradual onset of signs and symptoms; it starts in the hippocampus where many patients can show no evidence of Alzheimer’s disease but the fact is there are permanent changes taking place in the memory’s portion of the brain.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - a tomographic method of investigation of internal organs and tissues using the physical phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance.

Protein structure assurance by NMR techniques includes reconciliation of a wide range of programming apparatuses. The heterogeneous exhibit of programming instruments utilized as a part of the procedure of protein NMR structure assurance presents authoritative difficulties in the structure assurance and approval forms, and makes an expectation to absorb information that constrains the more extensive utilization of protein NMR in science. It also shows a coordinated arrangement of computational strategies for protein NMR limitation investigation and structure quality evaluation, relabeling of prochiral iotas with remedy IUPAC names, and additionally numerous techniques for examination of the consistency of nuclear positions showed by their