However, third generation vaccines are considerably more immunogenic, than HBsAg due to their uses of pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens, but they aren’t used widespread yet. Third generation vaccines are also manufactured with recombinant DNA technology by mammalian cells (155) (156)
1-13-3-1 High risk Groups should be administered HBV vaccine:
All infants, preferrably before hospital discharge at birth. (Additionally, infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers need HBIG within 12 hours of birth.)
All children and adolescents not previously vaccinated.
All individuals at risk of HBV infection:
Persons with occupational risk like health care workers (HCW).
Clients or staff of institutions for the developmentally disabled
Hemodialysis patients
Vaccines have saved many children from sickness, death and have terminated a large part of infectious diseases in the world. That being said, whether to immunize or not is the ongoing question parents face each day. On one hand, questions are raised about the safety of some vaccines because of rare but serious adverse effects that have been attributed to them. On the other hand, vaccines are known to help prevent death and serious illnesses. Hence, this paper explores the pros and cons of children's vaccines.
Vaccines have become an important innovation to health throughout the years. A vaccine is a product that produces immunity from a disease and can be given by the nose or the mouth.
The choice to vaccinate a child holds much debate in society today. As a person that lives in America, you may feel it is your right to be able to choose what medical needs and necessities you would want for your child or yourself. “The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends getting 29 doses of 9 vaccines (plus a yearly flu shot after six months old) for kids aged 0 to six. No US federal laws mandate vaccination, but all 50 states require certain vaccinations for children entering public schools. Even though vaccines are considered extremely safe there are cases where in some people have a type of allergic reaction. Most states offer medical and religious exemptions; and some states allow philosophical exemptions” (Wadman, 2017). This point calls for a lot of debate, both in the scholarly world and among average citizens. Some people claim that such medical conditions, such as autism are the result of over vaccinating or dosing at early ages of development. Reasons on the topic vary, and concerns can end up in long legal disputes. Such disputes have raised the question of vaccine safety, prevention, and government intervention.
The measles outbreaks, has prompted legislators all over the country to reevaluate current vaccine legislation in efforts to protect the interest of the public. Currently in the U.S. all states have laws that mandate that all children be vaccinated prior to entry in a public school setting, daycare, and private school. Most of these states allow vaccine exemptions on the premise of religious or philosophical reasons. The Centers for Disease Control has recommended vaccine schedules in place for all children and adults, according to their age.
The topic of vaccines is something that has caused a lot of controversy for the past couple of years. Although there is scientific evidence as to how immunizations work, concerned parents still disagree and eventually pull their children away from getting any shots. However, this will become a major issue when the child gets enrolled to school. Most schools require vaccines like DTaP in order for the child to be accepted.
Over the last couple decades the debate over vaccines has been heated. In the last week there seems to have been a renewed interest. This is likely to the recent occurrence of measles around this country. I feel compelled to share some basic information that will hopefully address concerns regarding vaccines. At the very least, my friends and family can know where I stand.
Are vaccines likely to do more harm than good? According to Merriam webster dictionary a vaccine is a substance that is usually injected into a person or animal to protect against a particular disease. Science Facts says that vaccinations have existed since the late 1700s. There are vaccinations for many diseases including measles, chickenpox, mumps , smallpox , and the flu. While vaccines are beneficial, some believe they are harmful.
Immunization is the method whereby a person is made immune or impenetrable to a transmittable disease, usually by the supervision of a vaccine. Vaccines fuel the body's own immune system to guard the person against consequent contagion or disease. There is indication of an upsurge in vaccine refusal in the United States and of environmental gathering of refusals that results in epidemics. Epidemics of a vaccine-avoidable disease often starts amongst the people who rejected vaccination, spread promptly within unvaccinated inhabitants, and also spread to other subpopulations. The key motives for vaccine rejection in the United States are parental insights and apprehensions about vaccine protection and a low level of concern about the danger of many vaccine-preventable viruses. If immense benefits to humanity from vaccination are to be upheld, improved efforts will be desired to instruct the community about those advantages and to upturn public sureness in the systems we use to display and guarantee vaccine protection.
This article discusses the much debated concept of whether vaccines are correlated to causing autism. The controversy began in 1998 when a MMR vaccine – used to fight measles, mumps and rubella in children – was linked by a fraudulent research paper to disorders related to autism (Bearman 2010). As a result of the claims of the paper, there was a sharp drop in vaccination rates where the research was first originally reported – in the UK and in Ireland (Bearman 2010). As a result, there was a significant increase in the occurrence of measles and mumps, resulting in significant casualties as well as significant permanent injuries (Bearman 2010). Subsequently, a variety of research institutions have undergone significant testing of this “hypothesis” and have concluded there is no link between the MMR vaccine and autism.
Not only is this website providing the top pros and cons, but it also gives background about the issue.
There are many illnesses in circulation that take the lives of children, however some of those diseases are vaccine preventable. So in other terms vaccines can save the lives of children.
Safety testing begins as soon as a new vaccine is contemplated, continues until it is licensed, and is monitored indefinitely after licensure” (Vaccine Safety: Examine).
Vaccines are safe to the human body although there are dangerous and concerning ingredients. the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) carefully monitors and tests the ingredients to ensure the safest vaccine.The ingredients in vaccines are tested to be safe in the quantities used. As reported by the CDC, vaccine ingredients such as thimerosal, formaldehyde, and aluminum can harm one only in large amounts of doses (Vaccines and Immunizations). The CDC notes that, “people are exposed to more bacteria, viruses, toxins, and other harmful substances in one day of normal activity than are in vaccines” (Vaccines and Immunizations). Discussing the concerns of the public about the ingredients, the CDC commented, “[t]he FDA requires up to 10 or more years of testing for all vaccines before they are licensed, and then they are monitored by the CDC and the FDA to make sure the vaccines and the ingredients used in the vaccines are safe” (Should Vaccines Be Required). Vaccines are tested to the highest standard of safety. They are carefully evaluated with the help of many programs to reassure safety.
A vaccine is defined as a weakened form of a disease-causing virus (Whitney et al., 354). Vaccination is one of the greatest breakthroughs in medicine. For several years, vaccines have helped in curbing down the burden of infectious diseases. In fact, if there is one competitor in providing human health it must be vaccinations. However, there is an uproarious anti-vaccine lobby in the modern world in spite of the success that the vaccination programs have shown in eliminating fearsome diseases. The practice of immunization dates back to the 17th-century China (Plotkin 1287). The first attempt was to prevent Smallpox by smearing a skin tear with Cowpox. Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinology because he founded Smallpox vaccine. Since then, several scientists such as Louis Pasteur (the father of immunology), and Alexander Glenny have developed the concept of immunization further. The discovery of vaccines has successfully eliminated diseases such as Polio and Smallpox (Plotkin 1287). Recently, nations have unanimously agreed to compulsory immunization programs to prevent people from certain diseases. Nevertheless, several scholars have argued in support and against the use of vaccines. Those in support claim the vaccines are very helpful in disease control whereas those in opposition say the vaccines have severe side effects. From a personal perspective, vaccinations a good thing since they help in preventing disease and removing a heavy economic burden from
Vaccines work by having a weakened form of a disease introduced into a patient’s body usually by injection. The immune system of the patient reacts to the vaccine by making antibodies. Then the antibodies destroy the vaccine germs. The antibodies stay in your body and that is what gives you immunity. Antibodies are what protects you from a real disease if it ever came into your body. People think that vaccines are dangerous. Vaccines protect everyone, from the person vaccinated to the people around them, making them a safe choice for parents that should be mandatory.