Reaction Times With Different Genres Of Music

“involves a subject conducting a certain task, in this case recalling a series of numbers, while listening to different kinds of background music. If sound exhibits acoustical variations, or what Perham calls an "acute changing-state," performance is impaired. Steady-state sounds with little acoustical variation don't impair performance nearly as much.”(Cutler).

In this article “Distracted Driving”, many distractions are mentioned other than just cell phone usage, such as changing the radio station or driving with kids in the back seat. It is stated that the dangers from distracted driving are because of the decrease in brain function and inability to pay full attention to the road. These practices lead to wrecks and in many cases death.

1. Form hypothesis: Do you think you will react more quickly to sights or sounds? Explain why.

The reaction timer from Maths Is Fun (2014) is specific to three decimal places. The accuracy of the chosen source reduces the risk of statistical measures being slightly greater or less than they would be if only one or two decimal places were provided. Unlike other reaction timers that are available online, this particular source requires the subject to complete five trials before the mean is calculated. Undertaking multiple trials will be vital to this investigation because if the subject was to anticipate the event or have one delayed response, the trials that follow would reveal such errors, therefore increasing the reliability of the results.

Distracted driving is becoming the one of the highest causes of fatal accidents in youth. People are becoming more and more dependent on their mobile phones due to the economic and social benefits they provide. With advancement of technology and the more widespread use of smartphones distracted driving is become more dangerous than driving impaired. Driving itself needs full focus and attention with new technologies more focused on making mobile phones more easily compatible with cars it has become increasingly difficult to eliminate the problem cell phones and mobile phones cause when linked to each other. Studies show those using mobile devices while driving are 4-6 times more likely to get into a accident, With the risk so high many cell phone use while driving has been banned in many different countries around the world(fatal distractions). The second alternative is hands-free devices allowing drivers to accept calls, compile and send text messages with ought the use of hands, but using a mobile phone whether it be hands-free or not still hinders performance and deviates the focus of the driver. Car companies have recently countered this issue by implementing new technology in vehicles. For instance, cars now come equipped with built in blue tooth and exceptional pairing applications. This technology leads to inconclusive results of using a hand-held device.

"The Effect of Music on Heart Rate | Journal of Emerging Investigators." Journal of Emerging Investigators. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2016. .

Researchers Liang and Lee differentiated the effects of various types of distraction on driving performance in a medium simulator study: visual, cognitive distraction and a combination of both. The results showed that visual distraction more often interferes with driving performance than cognitive one and it dominates the performance during the combination of both. They finally drew in to a conclusion that for an effective driving performance, visual demand and voice interaction are particularly very much important in tackling of above issues.

For this experiment a closed course is recommended in order to limit the danger of the test to both the test subject and others. During the test there should be less distractions’ such as listening to the radio and talking to the passenger in the car. The primary reason for eliminating other distracting factors is to test the hypothesis that texting while driving interferes with driving skills. Also the main reason why the control test is performed is to compare the conditions of the people texting while driving. From here, the next stage or step would be assigning subjects ( both male and females) people to the test. This test should consist of a diverse group of both male and female and should be chosen from a wide range of ages. During the test the subjects should be given the same conditions to drive in, such as using; the same car (vehicle), and at the same time of day in order to make this test valid and accurate. From there the next step would be to check if the test is fair for those in the control group as compared to those driving while on the cell phone. In this experiment the subjects should drive first in the control conditions, then while on the

The trial consisted of 40 minutes of continuous West African akan, North Indian raga, or Japanese taiko instrumental music. All music stimuli maintained an identical base tempo of 90 beats per minute regardless the rhythmic structure, the volume of the music was 50dB so that all the music had the same average amplitude. Tempo and amplitude were manipulated using the GarageBand software by

The study produced very high interrater reliability (92%) due to the clear and solid definition. However, one problem or limitation with the operational definitions was the lack of explanation between observing people individually or people in groups. Often time, females were observed in groups, but males were observed alone. Therefore, group work could be a confounding variable that skewed the data. Another strength is the internal validity of the study because of the detailed methods, and operational definitions. However, one limitation of this study is the lack of control. When observing, a participant, music was defined as, having had headphones in their ears. However, these people could have been listening to an educational video, or nothing at all. Therefore, the construct validity of this study is weak because listening to music may not have been observed. This study was conducted in a library of a private Midwestern, university, so the setting may have an impact on the results. First, at a private university, academics are held to a high standard, so students may be less distracted because they are determined and focused while completing schoolwork. Also, the observations occurred in a library, which is a quiet setting. Therefore, the lack of normal auditory distraction was not present, which could affect the people not listening to music to be less

In the essay it will include; how distractions can affect your reaction time. How the braking distance is affected by speed. What the design of a vehicle and road conditions, can have an impact on a pedestrian. How the speed affects the occupants, if the car were to collide with a rigid object. And what design features are being put in place to minimise fatalities in car accidents.

Our hypothesis was not confirmed as no differences between the mean motor reaction time the ambient genre song and the intense heavy metal song were found. There were actually instances where the intense heavy metal genre song produced faster reaction rates in over half of our participants. This improvement may indicate the presence of an enabling factor influencing the somatosensory cortex that leads to faster motor response in the presence of higher stimuli (Prasad, 2014, p. 124). For example, a study by Ünal, Steg and Epstude found that background music had no effect on driving performance compared to driving without music, and remarkably, there were also cases of driving improvement while listening to background music (2012, p. 271).

ABSTRACT: This investigation entailed the study of wether gender will affect the reaction times when tested. The average visual reaction time for a human is 0.25 seconds (250 milliseconds) and the average touch reception is 0.15 seconds (150 milliseconds), adding both these figures gives and estimated group time of 0.40 seconds (400 milliseconds). The average reaction speed for the boys was 342 and the average reaction speed for the girls was 392, in relation to average reaction speed these results are quite accurate as the age bracket was younger and smaller than the expected averages for humans.This investigation is well related to society as the measurement of visual reaction time has been used to evaluate the processing speed of Central Nervous System and the co-ordination between the sensory and motor systems, when shown a visual stimulus.

It must be noted that cars are dangerous vehicles which can cause fatal damage. Individuals responsible for a vehicle are expected to be more alert than pedestrians walking down the street or crossing the road, this is known as “destructive disparity”. This

The reaction time (RT) of students was measured in the experiment to determine whether light or sound stimulus initiates a quicker response time. The question of whether or not RT was related to movement time (MT) was also challenged. Each student performed two test in random order; one testing the reaction time of a red light stimulus, or visual reaction time (VRT); and the other testing the reaction time of a “beeping” sound stimulus, or auditory reaction time (ART). The student completed the VRT trial by simply receiving the stimulus and pressing a button. The student placing and holding their hand on a button starts the ART trial. Once the student receives the stimulus (beep) they press the adjacent button as fast as they can. The ART trial does not only include the data of the RT, but also the data from the MT. Having previous knowledge that light travels faster than sound; one can predict that VRT is faster than ART. The prediction that MT is independent upon RT can be made with the thought that there are so many opposing variables that could affect the MT of an individual unrelated RT such as old age