Matt Anderson, Dalecia Borum, Lauren Kataja, Gabrielle Walker
Lab Section 57
Wilfredo Evangelista
November 18, 2014
Prohibit Stem Cell Research Many individuals believe that the beginning of stem cell research began in the early 2000s. However, the history of stem cell research can be traced back to the mid 1800s, when the make-up of human life, known as cells, were discovered (Solter 2006). Without this discovery, stem cell research would cease to exist. Prior to what has become known as stem cell research, scientists began studying embryonic stem cells using mouse embryos in 1981, which makes stem cell research a fairly new topic of interest. It is through this research on mice that has given scientists the ability to collect stem cells
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This differentiation should take place in vitro, in vivo in tumors derived from injected ES cells and in chimaeras. Most stringently, an ES cell should be able to give rise to germ cells in chimaeras and these germ cells should in turn be able to develop into normal, fertile adults” (Solter 2006). Growing human cells in a laboratory may sound fascinating to scientists, however, to the average human being, it can often sound inhumane. The stem cells that these scientists use come from a variety of places, including embryos formed through in vitro fertilization and somatic cell nuclear transfer, aborted fetuses, umbilical cord blood cells, adult tissues, and reprogrammed adult tissue cells. These collected stem cells come in one of two forms: an adult stem cell or an embryonic stem cell. Just as the name suggests, adult stem cells are those that have been extracted from an adult organism. The primary roles of adult stem cells in a living organism are to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are located. These cells tend to be specialized in reproducing the tissues from which they have been taken and are found among differentiated cells in an organ. Embryonic cells, on the other hand, are derived from embryos. Most of these embryos are fertilized in a test tube, and some people consider this to be unnatural and
Stem cells are cells that have the potential to develop into different types of cells in the body. Stem cells also act as a repair system for many tissues in the body by dividing repeatedly to replenish other cells within a person (National Institutes of Health). Stem cell research seeks to further the advancement of the use of stem cells as well as to find an ethical way to study them. In November 1998, researchers found a way to isolate and culture human embryonic stem cells, (Bevington 2005). The ethics of stem cell research has been debated over the years and some people fully support the use of stem cells, whereas others are completely against the use of stem cells. This has been an ongoing battle for scientists over the span of two decades prior to the 1998 finding.
Germ cells: the sexual reproductive cell at any stage from the primordial cell to the mature gamete
In preparation for this thesis on the topic of stem research and application; I gathered data through various methods to reach a broad consensus on the public impression of stem cell research. In this chapter I will discuss the findings of those ventures and the impressions it made on my research. I conducted a survey asking general information on the public’s knowledge of stem cell research and held a classroom forum asking for open opinions on research.
potential of any cell but the removal of these cells will effectively kill the embryo, making it a
Shortly after an egg is fertilized stem cells begin to form. These cells are programmed to form every organ and tissue in the body as the baby develops.
Embryonic stem cell research and use is a scientific advancement that could change medical history. There are two types of stem cell research, adult stem cells, and embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells receive a very negative connotation in society, and there are many misconceptions about the process and the ethics of embryonic stem cell research. A large majority of society immediately assume that it is the use of aborted embryos because of the word embryonic, and adult stem cells are not as effective as embryonic. However, this is not the case. Embryonic stem cell research is in progress to help cure and reduce the effects of very fatal and harmful diseases that take many of societies precious lives. If research continues to
A brief introduction to stem cells; Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated, or, simply put, a cell that has not yet been given a job, such as cells that create molecules. In recent years, scientists have discovered the potency that stem cells contain, due to their versatility. For example, stem cells could be studied and used to cure a man of liver disease, a child’s handicap, a woman’s breast cancer, etc…, etc…. One may now be asking themselves? “That’s great… then why are so many people against stem cell research? What could possibly be the drawback? “. You see, stem cells are acquired by human embryos, or, in Layman’s Terms, unborn fetuses. Take for
Many scientists believe that embryonic stem cell (ESC) research is the key to curing diseases such as cancer and HIV. Stem cells are so important to biomedical research because they are primitive cells that are capable of replicating indefinitely producing a multitude of different types of cells. This means that one of these pre-determined cells has to potential of becoming any range of over two hundred tissues with epithelial cells to blood and
Lee and George support their argument by providing three important facts that differentiate a human embryo is, in fact, a human being. First, they say that sex cells and somatic cells are part of a larger organism while the human embryo is a complete or whole organism, though immature (14). Secondly, they say that the embryo is human and has all the characteristics of a human being but the sex and somatic cells are genetically and functionally different because they cannot develop
Contained in the human body there are more than 220 different cell types being derived from a group of cells called embryonic stem cells. Being located in what is known as the inner cell mass of a blastocyst which is a young embryo about four to five days old. The uniqueness of these cells and what defines them is that they are pluripotent, meaning they are able to differentiate into any 3 germ layers. These layers include the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Being able to
The stem cells that originate in the inner mass found in embryos a few days old are grown in the laboratory and are referred to as embryonic stem cells. A branch of these cells are embryonic germ cells, and these are derived from egg and sperm cells in a five to ten week old fetus. Both of these types of stem cells are pluripotent. In embryonic stem cells, the blastocyst cells divide and eventually develop into all of the tissues and organs of human beings. Embryonic stem cells are capable of being grown in the laboratory from blastocysts and made to differentiate into nerve, liver, muscle, blood, and other cells. (Morgani, et al.
Stem cells have a plethora of side effects that over powers the benefits. The ability to differentiate is known as plasticity, and it is thought to only be at its greatest in embryonic stem cells. In order for the embryonic cells to be of use they must be fertilized, after which, the stem cell is removed, destroying the embryo. Stem cells can be used in adults; however it is believed through the consensus of the medical community that the plasticity of embryonic stem cells is not even closely matched by those of adult stem cells. The general idea is that “adult stem cells have a limited capacity to differentiate (Solter 8).” Adult stem cells are already stuck in their ways, which makes it useless, in a way. They can only reproduce the same cell type that they originate from. Thus, despite the prospecting medical leaps that this technology can provide, the process of how to obtain the embryonic stem cells overwhelms the benefits by far.
Against premature birth assembles likewise restrict inquire about on foundational microorganisms got from prematurely ended embryos. They dismiss the contention that since premature birth is now legitimate and ladies will have them, that immature microorganisms ought to be utilized from prematurely ended embryos since they would some way or another go to
8. There are many significant developments that occur in the different prenatal development stages. In the first stage, the germinal period, is where the zygote develops after fertilization and becomes implanted on the uterine wall. After the fertilization that occurs in the fallopian tubes the zygote begins to undergo the process of cell division. Once the cell division has converted the zygote into several cells within a hollow fluid filled structure we may call it a blastocyst. The blastocyst then enters the uterus, continues to divide, and then becomes implanted on the endometrium. At this point the blastocyst begins to grow very fast and forms membranes that will protect and nourish the growing fetus. This development includes 2 membranes called the amnion(surrounds the developing embryo) and the chorion(that will later form the placenta) that will enclose the inner cell mass of the developing embryo. The inner cell mass will further separate to form the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm to form the different parts of
Oocyte development in Drosophila proceeds through fourteen stages. The first seven stages are pre-vitellogenic, or without any yolk protein. The last seven stages are called vitellogenic because yolk is being deposited and the egg chamber is growing. In an ovary from Drosophila melanogaster, there are many egg chambers. Each egg chamber is made up of sixteen individual cells. Of these sixteen cells, fifteen cells are nurse cells. The other cell is the developing oocyte. The function of these nurse cells is to utilize non-specific proteins such as clathrin and adaptin as well as specific receptors to sequester yolk protein from the hemolymph. Yolk protein is trafficked from the nurse cells into the developing oocyte (Shilling, 2004).