Research Paper On Euthynnus Alletteratus

A Review of “The Devil and Deep Blue Sea” by Linda Pannozzo Introduction In her book The Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: An Investigation into the Scapegoating of Canada’s Grey Seal, Linda Pannozzo accomplishes few important things: she makes a compelling argument for the senseless killing of grey seal; she provides an analytic framework for the reasons of the decline of cod fish; and she provides a wealth of information on the politic behind scapegoating of Canada’s grey seal. Pannozzo presents The Devil and Deep Blue Sea in a clear and unbiased matter, but its presentation is by no mean elementary. Pannozzo’s book is meticulously researched, thus providing us with both quantitative and statistical account surrounding seal ways of life, their diet, history and other necessary aspects of marine life ecosystem. Book Summary

Brooks and Dodson, the authors of the article titled “Predation, Body Size, and Composition of Plankton”, conducted research on the effect the small fish called Alosa Pseudoharengus has on an ecosystem, more specifically, different lakes in New England. Along with the data they collected on the aforementioned matter, they studied the sizes and the composition of the miniscule zooplankton inhabiting the lakes, and compared it with that of the Alosa. Their research uncovered important facts regarding water ecosystems and how they are so easily thrown off balance.

Food Habits and Predators: The Skipjack Tuna feeds on array of different life in the ocean; but mainly feed on cephalopods, crustaceans, lantern fish, other fish and mollusks. There has also been a lot of speculation as to if this species is cannibalistic due to their highly varied diet and their opportunistic behaviour during feeding (APN) (ADW). Larger predatory fish as well as other animals prey on the Skipjack Tuna. The most common predators are Billfish, various Seabirds, various Sharks, Wahoo and Yellowfin Tuna (APN) (FLMNH).

100,000. This number might seem large, but with 96.4% of the population declining after fisherman started hunting for these animals, the coveted fish might not be around for much longer. The Thunnus SPP, or better known as the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna, is one of the largest bony fish in the world. At one and a half Mr. Zunic’s in height and 200 bags of potatoes in weight (6-10 feet, 1500 pounds according to animalplanet.com), the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna is almost invincible, to predators in the fish class of vertebrates that is. The Atlantic Bluefin Tuna is critically endangered due to overfishing. One fish was once sold for $1.76 million due to the fish’s delicy. The Atlantic Bluefin Tuna is highly popular at high-end restaurants around the world. Boy, a tuna roll sure does sound great right about now.

In this experiment, our objectives were to observe and analyze the metabolic rate of Orconectes rusticus crayfish by measuring the rate at which dissolved oxygen in the water was consumed. Furthermore, we looked to explore the relationship that body size had on the metabolic rate of the organism. We hypothesized that the metabolism of the crayfish would increase as the body length of the organism increased.

To truly understand the cause of this awful fish mortality crisis in the HAGS Company, it is essential that we gather all the information we can about the normal living conditions of both the Halibut and Grunion fish. Halibut or Hippoglossus, is a flatfish from the family of the right-eye flounder fish, the largest of all the flatfish, and can grow to more than 8 ft long and 700 lbs. They usually reside in the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans, and are a readily enjoyed food all around the world. Physically, they are dark brown on the top side with a cream underbelly and have very small scales embedded within their skin.This color scheme is a form of countershading and disguises Halibut from above and from below by blending into the light above and the ocean floor below simultaneously. Halibut live at depths from nearly 10-100 meters, yet spend most of their time near the bottom, they can often move up the water column to feed.Younger Halibut, up to 10 years of age, are highly migratory, and generally migrate in a clockwise direction. Relatively inactive yet strong swimmers, able to eat a large variety of fish such as cod, crab, and shrimp. Adult Atlantic

The smalltooth sawfish Pristis pectinata (Latham 1794) species are a large batoid elasmobranch that prefers very specific habitats (Simpfendorfer et al., 2010). They are also a K-selected species, which means that the smalltooth have a late maturity, a small pup size and a slow growth rate (Seitz & Poulakis, 2006). The smalltooth sawfish species can be identified from the undefined or undeveloped lower caudal fin (Gómez-Rodríguez et al., 2014). Another identifier is the first dorsal fin is in line with the beginning of the pelvic fin (Gómez-Rodríguez et al., 2014). Unlike the other sawfish, the P. pectinata have about 20 to 34 rostral teeth on the saw, which is more than most species (Gómez-Rodríguez et al., 2014).

The Atlantic cod fishery collapse left terrible ecological consequences. As mentioned above, the fishing technology was a major destruction to the ecological system by using deployment and draggers. The huge nets that were dropped and dragged along the bottom of the ocean destroyed the underlying eco-system in the process. The effect of selective fishing on spawning grounds – that is, selectively over-exploiting one species in an ecosystem – had disastrous effect on the feeding relationships in that ecosystem. This contributes to the overall reduction of spawning stock biomass of the targeted species, but also an increase in the number of invertebrate and vertebrate predators such as crustacean and fish which will prey on cod eggs, larvae, and younger fish. It is a little wonder that a species like cod, would eventually run into difficulties struggling to survive when its habitat is being continuously destroyed and the balance of their food chain had been wiped out.

The Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) is an anadromous species that is found along the west coast of North America, primarily along the coast of Washington, Oregon, and northern California. E. tridentatus is a semelparous species that can live up to five years and can spend up to three and a half years in saltwater. They begin metamorphosis in July and the known period of entry into salt water is from December until June. In the ocean E. tridentatus have been documented to primarily feed on Pacific Salmon species such as Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka), and Pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). O. tshawytscha have endured most lamprey attacks because researchers believe that E. tridentatus attack this salmon when it is making the transition to swim back up stream to spawn. E. tridentatus who do not represent an anadromous life style also prey heavily on resident salmonid species. Salmonid species have an important role in the diet and life history of E. tridentatus as they are an important prey item.

They feed during the day and at night on fishes and cephalopods, and they are known to attack smaller dolphins that are involved in the tuna purse-seine fishery in the Pacific Ocean.[4]

Mature puffins while lie both from the Pacific and Atlantic are able to eat a variety of sea critters whether it shall be fish or zooplankton which can all be suitable for their consumptions and is the basis to the puffins diet. Now for the baby puffin things change slightly, puffin feed the offspring several times per day and tend to be of the smaller size fish which are easier for consumption. “The most frequently recorded prey in terms of frequency of occurrence were 0 group (< 1 year old) Lesser Sandeel Ammo-dytes marinus (82% of stomachs), followed by mesopelagic fish (52%), nereid

Elaven meristic counts with their median values for all samples were shown in Table 2. Meristic counts of all samples ranged from 6 for 1st dorsal fin rays, 10-11 (median, me =10 ) rays for 2nd dorsal fin, 15-21 (me=18 ) rays for pectoral fin, 10-12 (me =10 ) rays for pelvic fin, 8-10 (me = 9) rays for anal fin,18-26 (me = 20) rays for caudal fin and 5 branchiostegal rays, for transverse scales on lateral line 23-33 (me = 30), transverse scales above lateral line 4, transverse scales below lateral line 4-5 (me = 4 ) and no. of vertebrae was 26 (Table 2). From all meristic measurements, only difference occurred in pectoral fin rays (Kruskal Wallis (H) test: df = 2, H = 24.114, p0.05) different among fish of these isolated stocks. First dorsal

The Nazca Boobies have been apart of a 30 year long study by Wake Forest University biologist. During the course of this study, they measured how the natural population size has been affected by climate change. Scientist discovered as the temperature of the water increased, the population size of the bobbies decreased. They believe this was due to a nutrient poor diet. Sardines, the bird’s natural prey, have suffered due to an increase in water temperature causing the population to venture out further away from the bird’s foraging range. This eventually pushed the sardine out beyond the scope of the bobbies reach. As the sardine population moved away from the island, boobies were forced to consume a less nutritious source of food, flying fish.

Although bluefin tuna does provide food and livelihoods for many people, they are more than just seafood. The bluefin tuna is a top predator in the marine food chain, maintaining an important balance in the ocean environment (Walsh). Author Brian Walsh writes,“

The Elasmobranchs are a subclass of class Chondrichthyes. The Chondrichthyes are classified as the Cartilaginous fishes. Aside from the Elasmobranchs, this class has another subclass named Holocephali which is comprised of the chimaera. The Elasmobranchs are comprised of sharks (Selachii) and the rays and the similarly structured skates (Batoidea) Van-Eyl, S. M., Siebeck, U. E., Champ, C. M., Marshal, J., & Hart, N. S. (2011). There have been fossils of sharks found dating about 400 million years and while there is much data that points to diversification throughout the millennia, skates and rays only appear about 200-100 million years ago (Wilga 2005). The Elasmobranchs are classified apart from other fishes despite their external similarities due to several key structural differences. One of these is the absence of a swim bladder. True fishes use this gas filled organ to control their buoyancy without having to waste physical energy on maintaining the desired depth in water. Instead, the Elasmobranchs have developed especially large livers that can produce and withhold large amounts of oil. This is especially evident in the sharks where the liver can sometimes weigh up to 20 percent of their total body weight.