Ring Shear Test : Development And Fundamentals

Geomorphology: River meandering, with a step and gentle banks slope. The section is located on the step side banks. The river activity causes erosion of the banks and accumulated the rock fragments (different size) at the slope bottom and cleans lately after high flood season. The dark blue marl is easy to erode because it is soft and highly joints, while the above (white rock escarpment) which is hard collapse after erosion of the underlying bed, 5 in picture1.

Sandstone is known to have a higher resistance to erosion than that of shale and limestone. The Ridge and Valley regions of our landscape were originally designed with shale-based high points and sandstone-based low points. As the effects of weathering via erosion

Shear in the elements corresponding to the elements that contain the strain gages shown in Figure 3.1

To reduce the time for consolidation, vertical drains are used together with preloading either by conventional preloading or by vacuum preloading. Vertical drains are artificially-created drainage paths which are inserted into the soft clay subsoil. Thus, the pore water squeezed out during consolidation of the clay due to the hydraulic gradients created by the preloading, can flow faster in the horizontal direction towards the vertical drains. In the following table it shows different types of vertical drains along with their installation methods.

Langenbruch and Shapiro(2015) stated that seismic events occur in rock sections with high Young’s Modulus and low Poisson’s ratio. Young’s modulus refers to the ratio of amount of stress to strain while Poisson’s ratio is the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain. They stated that a significant amount of rock stress originated from elastic rock heterogeneity, and that the heterogeneity index of rocks indicates these rock sections. Langenbruch and Shapiro(2015) concluded that seismicity induced by fluid injection can be of two ways. One is by the shear reactivation which explains the linear diffusion seismicity explained previously and the other is by tensile opening which only occurs when the minimum effective stress becomes tensile. The reactivation probability of a preexisting fracture is given by CFS calculation which involves cohesion, shear and normal stress, coefficient of internal friction and pore pressure. If CFS is greater than 0, the fault is in a stable state; if CFS is less than 0, the fault is unstable and if CFS is equal to 0, failure occurs. According to Langenbruch and Shapiro(2015), a test was conducted where only the friction coefficient and cohesion were kept constant while the other parameters were altered. This was done because there is no direct measurement for

Shear force is the internal force acting in a rigid body that caused the body to move in positive or negative direction. In this analysis, the effect of increasing point load and effect of various distance to the bending moment was

Advancement of technology has enabled us to manage and control the water resources in order to maximize the benefits gained through water. This is done by making dams, barrages and man-made streams. But this type of development also imbalances the different natural systems, eventually disturbing the sediment transport equilibrium which affects the system efficiency, reducing benefits derived from the dam construction. Bed aggradations on upstream of dams are seen as a result of such disturbance.

The variables Q, μ, b, and h stand for the volumetric flow rate, viscosity of the fluid, and the width and height of the chamber, respectively. Using data from literature and incorporating them into our equation, we calculated the shear stress: τ = 11.426 dyne/cm2.

Adams, E.A and Agib, A.R.A. (2001). Compressed Stabilesd Earth Blocks Manufacture in Sudan. UNESCO, Paris: 522/RAB/11. Available from: http://tscglobal.net/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/CEB-in-Sudan.pdf [Accessed 20 March 2011]

Landfills liner is composed of various geosynthetic and soil components (Jogi, 2005). For domestic waste systems, the basic structure unit of landfill liner is normally regarded as geosynthetic layer in contact with compacted clay layer (CCLs) for municipal solid waste landfill. Historical statistics show side slope liner failures caused by liner sliding able to happen at the interface between CCLs and geomembrane when the interface have a low shear resistance. The shear strength is probably further decreased by the presence of water (Reddy 1999). Generally the local clay can be used as compacted clay liner for economic considerations. Leda clay is a typical type of sensitive marine clay which covers major area of eastern Ontario

It is reported that damage to the structures due to expansive soils has been the most costly natural hazard in some countries (in United States more than the cost of damage from floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakes on an average annual basis) for years (Kehew, 1995; Shuai and Fredlund, 1998).

The vibration analysis is not new; it’s the way at which the measurements are being taken, not to mention the way in which it is also applied to the equipment condition analysis and diagnosis which have evolved immensely over the years.

In the area of prediction of the reshaped profile of slopes, Popov (1960) [13] investigated the stable slopes in coastal area by means of physical modeling. The stability of reshaped profile in rubble mound breakwaters with rock or concrete cube armors was studied by Priest et al. (1964) [14]. Van der Meer (1992) released the first version of his computer software, named "BREAKWAT [15]", in order to predict the reshaped profile in berm breakwaters. According to the studies performed by Lykke Anderson (2006), Van der Meer (1992) method predicts the reshaped profile of dynamically stable berm breakwaters (H0T0>70) with acceptable accuracy. But for statically stable berm breakwaters (H0T0>70) "BREAKWAT" software predicts overestimated damage

The term ‘landslide’ includes all varieties of mass movements of hill slopes and can be defined as the downward and outward movement of slope forming materials composed of rocks, soils, artificial fills or combination of all these materials along surfaces of separation by falling, sliding and flowing, either slowly or quickly from one place to another. Although the landslides are primarily associated with mountainous terrains, these can also occur in areas where an activity such as surface excavations for highways, buildings and open pit mines takes place.

This refers to the landscape position and the slopes it has. Steep, long slopes mean water will run down faster and potentially erode the surfaces of slopes. The effect will be poor soils on the slopes, and richer deposits at the foot of the slopes. Also, slopes may be exposed to more direct sunlight, which may dry out soil moisture and render it less fertile.