Role Of Enos In Atherosclerosis

Many of the vaso-protective function of endothelium is provide by the Nitric Oxide(NO)20.Endothelium damaged by turbulent or non-laminar blood causes decreased production of NO.Such kind of blood flow also stimulates endothelial cells to produce adhesion molecules, which recruit and bind inflammatory cells. Hypercholesterolemia seems to inactivate the normal function of NO. The net effect is endothelial binding of monocytes and T cells, migration of these cells to the subendothelial space, and initiation of a local vascular inflammatory response. Lipids in the blood, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), also bind to endothelial cells. 18Firstly LDL is transported across the healthy intima and become trapped in intima of a vessel wall.It undergoes oxidative modification and then oxidized LDL(OxLDL) is formed5.OxLDL is mighty inducer of inflammatory molecules.It adds up to the inflamotory signaling by endothelium that activates chemotactic substances, growth factors that attracts monocytes to vessel wall21Eventually OxLDL transforms monocytes into macrophages which makes the Forms cells, which are the hallmark of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL impair the signal transduction between endothelial cell surface receptors and NO production, inhibit NO synthase activity and inactivates NO realese from endothelial cells.22.Once the endothelium is impaired, oxidized LDL is stored in vascular endothelium and by the process of series of mechanism, foam cells are formed and then eventually fatty plaque that occludes the vessel along with the decreased amount of NO which decreases the ability of the vessel to dilate. As the plaque grows arterial wall narrowing and thickening occurs5. This plaque and narrowing of vessel results in decreased blood flow

Shakespeare’s play Macbeth shows us that humans are driven by emotion. You can see this wherever you look. It’s literature, old and new, movies, music, and everyday life. One specific example of this is the play Macbeth. The play shows how people react to greed, anger, regret, desperation, guilt, happiness, fear, determination, and so much more.

Its reaction with superoxide to form peroxynitrite: Nitric oxide reacts with superoxide to yield peroxynitrite which is a potent oxidant thus can react with almost all biological molecules. For example: peroxynitrite anion combine with carbon dioxide to form nitroso peroxycarbonate adduct, and decomposes into NO3 anion and CO2.

1. Key Speech/Thought Expressed by the Main Character that Conveys one of the four Common Themes in Canadian Literature Quotation “The dreams didn’t come until later. And by the time the dreams took over, I was well on the path. My road.

1. Chirag Vaidya, Jason Ouellette. Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency. Turner White Communication Inc. March 2007.

One of the patient’s secondary diagnoses is atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery without angina pectoris. He had a heart valve replacement in 2011. Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque made of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances builds up inside the arteries. This is an issue because the plaque hardens over time and narrows the arteries, which then limits the flow of oxygenated blood to vital tissues. This condition can lead to heart attacks, strokes, and death. Coronary artery atherosclerosis is the single largest killer of both men and women in the United States (Boudi, 2016). The patient’s atherosclerosis is located in the coronary artery. This artery is one of two main blood vessels that branch off

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a free radical scavenging enzyme that catalyses the dismutation of highly reactive superoxide anion O2 to molecular (O2) and to the less reactive species hydrogen peroxide. It has been proposed that poor glycemic control in diabetes is associated with depletion of antioxidant enzymes including SOD.

Titan Prometheus had a reputation as being a clever trickster. He gave the gift to the human race of fire and metal works. Action for which he did, he was punished by Zeus, who made sure everyday that an eagle, ate the liver of the Titan as he was chained to a rock. "no rest, no sleep, no moment’s respite.”

Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of coronary heart disease which can affect any artery in the body, is essentially the narrowing of arteries due to excessive build up of cholesterol-rich lipids known as plaque (Insull 2009). Once the arteries become narrow, the flow of blood will be constricted, and the amount of blood, nutrients and oxygen that are able to reach the heart are reduced. As a consequence, the heart becomes increasingly hypoxic resulting in ineffective contraction. The aftermath of narrow arteries often poses serious consequences as it has a high probability of causing heart attack, angina, or even stroke (Marieb & Hoehn 2010; Insull 2009). Despite the fact that arteries will harden naturally as people age, the rate of plaque development is determined by the number of risk factors (Insull 2009). This essay will discuss and review the procedure in which the risk factors: hypertension, abnormal level of blood lipids, and smoking took to assist in the development of atherosclerosis.

What is Atherosclerosis Disease?Well Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries.Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to your heart and other parts of your body.The Atherosclerosis Disease is caused by high blood pressure,smoking,or high cholesterol.Did you know that about 360,000 people will die from the Atherosclerosis disease each year. Nikolai N. Anichkov was the one who discovered the Atherosclerosis disease.Atherosclerosis was discovered in 1964 by Anichkov.

Atherosclerosis can be associate with atheromata’formation, which are raised, fibroadipose plaques that develop within the intimal layer of the artery or within the innermost layers of the tunica media. Some atheromata undergo calcification or ulceration, and mural thrombi can form over complicated and uncomplicated atheromata. As a result, can block or diminished the blood flow in the artery, turning tissue and organs oxygen deprived.

Superoxide is a free radical that can induce endothelial dysfunction by scavenging the endogenous endothelium-derived vasodilator nitric oxide (NO). Endothelium-dependent vasodilation relies on NO for normal function. Therefore, vascular superoxide concentrations will be measured by exposing isolated mesenteric arteries to a fluorescent indicator of superoxide, dihydroethidium (DHE; Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY), which in the presence of superoxide becomes oxidized to form ethidium bromide [1]. Paired isolated mesenteric arteries from each animal will be incubated at 37°C for 1 hour in a HEPES buffered saline solution (in mM: 143.3 NaCl, 6KCl, 1MgCl2, 1.8CaCl2, 10 HEPES, 10 glucose, pH 7.4 with NaOH) containing either vehicle or the superoxide dismutase mimetic tiron (10mM). The vessels will then be transferred to a HEPES-filled microcentrifuge tube containing 10 μM/mL dihydroethidium (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY) for 10 mins at 37°C.Subsequent to a five minute wash with HEPES, arteries will be embedded in optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound and snap-frozen in isopropyl alcohol cooled by dry ice and stored at -80°C until sectioning. Cryosections (12 μm) will be mounted onto polylysine coated glass microscope slides followed by fixation for 30 min in 4% formaldehyde and a 10 min rinse in phosphate buffered saline (PBS;

Coronary artery disease remains number one killer of the western civilization despite 40 years of aggressive drug and surgical interventions (Esselstyn). Usually, pharmaceutical drugs, such as statin, are given to try to slow the progression, but may provide uncomfortable side effects. In fact, the majority of patients discontinue statins within 1 year of treatment initiation (Maningat). Furthermore, surgery is performed to circumvent clogged arteries and literally bypass the symptoms. In the last year, 500,000 coronary bypass procedures were performed (Swaminathan et al). However, these surgeries can have significant risks, including the potential to cause further heart damage, stroke, and brain dysfunction. Thus, it is evident that these way of treatments may not be enough on its own, and that getting to the

Atherosclerosis is a reduction of the arteries triggered by a buildup of plaque. It is also called arteriosclerosis or hardening of the arteries. Arteries are the blood vessels that transport oxygen and nutrients from the heart to the rest of the body. As the body gets older, fat and cholesterol can collect in the arteries and form plaque. The buildup of plaque makes it difficult for blood to flow through the arteries. This buildup may transpire in any artery in the body and can result in a shortage of blood and oxygen in various tissues of the body. Pieces of plaque can also break off, causing a blood clot. If left untreated, atherosclerosis can lead to heart attack, stroke, and heart failure. Atherosclerosis is a fairly common problem associated with aging. According to the University of Maryland

Atherosclerosis begins with damage to the inner wall of an artery. Substances in the body such as cholesterol, fats and cellular waste products accumulate inside the damaged area. Chemical reactions occurring within the build-up of these waste products cause cholesterol molecules to oxidize. This initiates an inflammatory response within the body in which the endothelial cells release chemicals. These chemicals are toxic to the body, signaling a call for help. In response to this chemical reaction, monoxides from the bloodstream travel to the affected site. Stimulation from the oxidized cholesterol turns the monoxides into macrophages. As a result, the macrophages change into foam cells, which accumulate over time to form plaque. As the plaque