COVER PAGE
NAME : IMMACULATE SUWIRA BOTTOMAN
POSTAL ADDRESS : C/O WORLD VISION MALAWI P O BOX 692 LILONGWE MALAWI
STUDENT NO : 35890347
MODULE : GROUP DYNAMICS
MODULE NO : SOC 306B
SEMESTER : 00
ASSIGNMENT NO : 02
Table of Contents
Assignment Questions iii
A. ROLE OF GENDER AND EMPLOYMENT IN INDUSTRIAL AND POST INDUSTRIAL 1
SOCIETIES IN RELATION TO POWER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 GENDER DEFINED 1
3.0 ASPECTS OF GENDER 2
4.0 GENDER AND POWER RELATIONS 2 4.1 Patriarchy System 2 4.2 Biological aspect 3
5.0 INEQUALITIES IN EMPLOYMENT 3 5.1 Altitude towards women in the workforce 3 5.2 The industrial and post industrial societies 4
6.0 CONCLUSION 5
LIST OF SOURCES 7
Assignment
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The study guide gives an example of a man in China who arranged for his daughter’s marriage to the general without consulting her and she had no chance to refuse as an arrangement. The construction of gender through family and society experiences in the patriarchy system left men believing that they have to be breadwinners and they need to be employed in order to maintain their status while women stay at home to care for children and the family. Since this was the context in which people lived, for many centuries men did not feel to be powerful and neither did women fell powerless but considered it to be the norm of the time. Therefore men would feel insecure and powerless if they are unemployed and ended up engaging in gender based violence. Group Dynamics, only study guide to SOC306B (2009:111).
4.2 Biological aspect
The natural differentiation between male and female which are visible have had an influence in employment in industrial and post industrial era. The biological construction of gender contributes to an extent as to why men are more likely to occupy certain jobs and higher position in employment than women. As said in the study guide, some jobs demand higher level of competence and require students to spend more years of study to reach that level. On the other hand women are also expected to fulfill family obligations especially child birth which makes it difficult for them to
In Ancient China the father of the woman decided who that his daughter would marry. There was no agreement between the two fathers. The father would talk with an astrologer who had a birth chart on every child. By looking at the time and date of their births he would then decide whether or not they would be compatible for one another. The father when then make the decision whether they would marry, the daughter’s thoughts and opinion’s did not count.(9) The woman was required to be completely devoted to her husband. After the marriage a Chinese women was expected to bow to her new in-laws and offer them tea. This showed them that she now belonged to her husband’s family. It was required of her to obey her new
In the 21st Century the number of women enrolling in higher education institutions is surpassing the numbers of men enrolled. The graduation rates of women from high school and higher education are most often higher than for men. The number of women graduates from most professional occupations, including higher paying medicine, law and business, will exceed the number of men graduates in the near future. In numerous occupational areas with a majority of women graduates, salaries already surpass salaries in occupational areas with a majority of men graduates.
Throughout the history, the violence against women is plenty showed the power position between male and female. The male always holds the power, eliminate opposition and feel entitled to be physically or verbally abusive to those who has less power.
Throughout history, we can see that humans have developed quickly in almost all fields including advancements politically, scientifically, and morally. However, one of the greatest advancement, which to this day has not been fully achieved by humanity as a whole, is the equality between the two genders. Since the beginning of civilization, we come to see that all societies with an exception of a few, were mainly male dominated. Men were always seen as superior to women. Men were not just seen as the head of the household, but they were seen as the leaders and organizers of all political, social, and economic affairs for both men and women. However, as time progressed, so did women. Gradually, women were more involved in the work force due to many factors including wars and primarily due to the industrial revolution. Women took the role of nurses and hospitality workers during wars, and as the industrial revolution initiated, they began to work in factories for low pay. During the last half of the 20th century, women’s rights, referring to the social and human rights of women, became a very highly emphasized and recognized issue especially in the United States. By the 1960’s the role of women completely transformed. Women more than ever before, began to enter the paid work force, participated in protests demanding equal rights, and established organizations such as the National Organization for Women. Overtime, these feminist trends of the 1960’s that continued for the
The Industrial Revolution was one of the most important and productive periods of history. The Industrial Revolution has to do with the time between the late 18th century and mid-19th century where there were profound advances in production, manufacturing, and other fields of engineering. It began in Great Britain in the late 1700s which then spread to the United States and then to many other parts of the world. Societies were very rural but they changed into cities because of the Industrial Revolution. Before the Industrial Revolution, people relied on hand tools and basic machines for manufacturing which occurred in people 's homes. The Industrial Revolution was then caused by
Woman in the 1830’s during the Early Industrial Revolution, were offered jobs in factories that proposed many new opportunities. Compared to living on the farm where they would have been stuck in past, at the factories, the women were ushered into the future with currency (money) and more opportunities for women to speak up and make decisions for themselves.
When discussing history, it is often assumed that the history of men is also the history of women. Historians often forget that women constantly experience historical processes differently because of the roles that they play and their biological differences. The second Industrial Revolution affected women uniquely, and their involvement and contributions were distinctive as well. The second Industrial Revolution lead to many advantages and disadvantages for women, it changed the types of work women performed, changed their attitudes about working, men’s attitudes towards them working, and their status and function in the family structure was transformed as well. Along with the technical and economic advancements during the Industrial Revolution was a social change that occurred for women, being the impetus for more progressive movements, empowerment, and the fight for equality in a patriarchal society.
One of the most impactful events on women’s roles in society was the Industrial Revolution; something not at all focused on changing the role of women in society. The Industrial Revolution started in British and Scottish textile industry. After the American Revolution there was a flood of British exports to the U.S. which led to Americans working to replicate the inventions that gave the British the upper hand in the U.S. market. From this effort came the first textile mill in the U.S; Samuel Slater, formerly an apprentice at an English textile mill, reconstructed an Arkwright water frame with sponsorship from William Almy and Moses Brown. From 1790 to 1840 they pioneered the machine production of cotton yarn. Other firms started to appear and the Rhode Island system of business practices was formed.
Starting in the 1700s before the industrial revolution we can really see the biggest changes in what the work force looked like. This was a time before there were intricate machines and tools to help workers perform the tasks that were needed for almost every job. Because this was a time before machines and the tools needed to make jobs easier there was a limited amount of production happening on larger scales like we see now. Because of this, production was commonly very slow and tough work. Work was relatively simple and the number of specialized artistries was limited. The individuals that lived in the cities found new livings in creating handcrafted goods. These crafters worked in small workshops to create their good and at times would
"Women's advancement often stops short of the general management level" as a partial result of discrimination by white men in positions of power, which include the differences of developmental job assignments they are afforded (Ohlott 46). "Developmental job assignments have been found to be one of the most important factors in preparing both men and women for upper-level management positions" (Ohlott 46 - 47).If women do not experience these same job assignments, they may be less prepared than men for handling future upper-level management jobs. These types of job assignments lead to high-level positions, make managers more visible, and prepare them for future jobs. With men being in the top ranks of organizations in most cases, they are less likely to assign these challenging tasks to female subordinates (Ohlott 49). "Organizations more often move women into staff positions and out of functions central to a business" mainly because those making the staffing decisions are more interested in advancing their own careers (Ohlott 49).
Since the beginning of time women are measured unequally in comparison to men. For centuries, this way of life has spread throughout the world society by glorifying men as the dominant figure, the authoritarian, ultimately the one in control of practically all affairs. Women are warriors who carry and birth the human population yet many still believe and worship the philosophy – or lack thereof – that this is a man’s world. Fortunately, in recent centuries the idea that the world is run by men has ignited greater opposition by women. The nineteenth century was a prominent time for women. It was an era when women began to take a stance for what they wanted yet they were still seen as the lesser half. Although the treatment and societal roles
The movement of promoting gender equality is exponentially growing every year; however, gender inequality is still a persistent problem in today’s workforce. Each year, gender inequality, especially employment equity, the distinct barrier between genders in the workforce, has become a topic of contention as its affecting working individuals worldwide, especially women. Before examining this problem, we must further understand what gender inequality is in the workplace. Gender inequality is an ascriptive factor, in which limits individuals to reach their full potential in their area of expertise by discriminating based on gender (module …). Both genders can have the same qualifications for an occupation, but a specific gender, mainly men, are seen to be more qualified than their female counterparts are. This can result in the refusal to allow the individual to take on leadership roles due to socially constructed views on gender. In addition, they may receive unequal wages compared to the opposing gender due to statistical discrimination which is the idea hiring or promoting individuals based on the average characteristics of their gender group rather than solely focusing on the individual( Textbook, 169). As we strive towards the goal of gender inequality, we must understand it in order to construct a proper solution.
Throughout the history of mankind, the rank of women has been extremely pivotal in the development of the humans. At present, the progress of the nation is determined by the high positions of the women in the society in terms of the employment and the work. It is said that without the contribution of the women in the political, business, social, economic and national activities, the growth of the country will stagnate. Although in the past, the women were more accustomed to working in homes and taking care of children, etc. but now they are stepping into the outside world due to advances in education for women and increasing awareness.
Through the influence of the language the roles of women in the society have changed. It originates from women who live in traditional setting and their responsibilities were to give birth and take care of homes. From this influence women have shifted to careers that were perceived as for men such as engineering and other technical careers. Coverage is done on day to day activities of them. This creates enthusiasm among writers and intellect. In most of this coverage these professionals are asked to advise the young. Large percentage encourages them to work hard in academics. Since most of them would like to achieve such, they are motivated to continue working hard school work. This also encourages women that in a male dominated society they still have their position and point to prove. (Tebbel, 2000)
However, in fact, women are more employable due to femininity if compared to men. This is because, traditional feminine work is aimed for maintaining good relations with everyone in the society for instance, peers, supervisor, working conditions and job security whereas traditional masculine aims for recognition, challenge, earnings and advancement according to Kriszta, 2006. Men are more focused on material success, but women focused on quality of/ on life and caring for others.