Scholasticism

Ibn Sina changed the world’s way of thinking with his new philosophy, and his original way of thought led to current scientific inquiry. Tome Pires showed that differences in philosophies can lead

Institutes of the Christian Religion: A book by John Calvin that explained the Protestant systematic theology

Philosophers, intelligent, tend to only preach their ideas to the few who would befit those most, because many people did not have the time or luxury to learn and ponder the world’s questions, unlike the upper class. It was not until the Renaissance, when the revival of Greek philosophy through Neoplatonism and neoclassicism became popular with the help of the printing press, “Renaissance thinkers found in the life of the ancient

Scholasticism is the philosophical systems and speculative tendencies of various medieval Christian thinkers, who, working against a background of fixed religious dogma, sought to solve general philosophical problems. These problems included: faith and reason, potentiality and actuality, realism and nominalism, and the provability of the existence of God. Initially under the influence of the mystical tradition of patristic philosophy, and especially Augustinianism, and later under that of Aristotle. Virtually all medieval philosophers of any significance were theologians, and their

However philosophical disputes soon arose, this was known as the battle of Universals. One position was called the Realist position. This was the idea that body and soul were separate. The soul goes to its ideal realisation, heaven, there is no need to worry about the material world. The opposing argument was known as the Nominalalist position, "that physical were the only reality" (Robert E. Lamm 212). The middle ground between these two arguments was known as Conceptualism, put forth by Peter Abelard, it suggests that "reality as idea exists only in the sense-apparent object" (Robert E. Lamm 213).

Following the decay of the empire was followed by the decay of culture and civilization in Europe. The only institution that survived was the Christian Church who tried to prevent the complete degradation of Roman civilization. In the sixth century monks would collect books and other works by famous scholars such a Plato and Aristotle; they would lock themselves in monasteries studying the intellectual work (History). Eventually scholars realized that this idea of monasticism provided no benefit to society because it did not apply to the situations and culture of the Middle Ages. Therefore, the church established universities based on the idea of scholasticism; this method of instruction was to use the knowledge preserved by the monks and to apply it to the modern church and society. By the early fourteenth century there were multitudes of universities established across Europe that educated their students in scholasticism (History). Just like early colleges, only the rich nobles would be able to afford to attend these schools.

      and Aquinas), but also draws on the wisdom of the East, including Confucius and the sages of Hinduism.

Use of Metaphysical Constructs: Explanations of Human Thought and Behavior from the Ancient World till the Period of British Empiricism. In discuss the metaphysical constructs and agents that explains human thought and behavior that was used by people in the ancient world and by various thinkers and philosophers, one must start with Ancient Greece, then through the later Roman, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, then onto the Enlightenment and British Empiricism periods.

New scientific discoveries not only enhanced man’s comfort in life but also his appreciation of human potential and reason. It was becoming increasingly evident that it was to man’s benefit to reason and understand. With this realization came the need to determine the proper place of human reasoning in man’s life. The philosophies of the early post-Reformation period dealt with this issue—how to relate and balance faith and reason. Gone was the blind, unquestioning faith of the medieval period. Men were now free to doubt and deny. Those who believed in Christ and His claims found themselves increasingly shifting to a defensive stance and trying to accommodate human reason.

During the years 1434 -1737, an Italian bourgeois family, the Medici’s, ruled Florence and eventually Tuscany. Cosimo de Medici created a “Platonic Academy”, which was based off the example of Plato’s Akademia. (Oneonta, 2017) Neoplatonism was very popular during this era as well, Neoplatonism is the thought of finding ties between Greek and Roman culture with Christianity. (Uffizi, 2017) The study of classical texts was also central to this humanist culture. (Oneonta, 2017)

The rise of literacy towards the end of the Middle Ages brought with it a torrent of individuals ready to think fro themselves and formulate their own theories and ideas regarding God and the Christian faith. For a long time, the church held a near monopoly on literacy and used this to maintain control over people’s lives and beliefs. While some of these new intellectuals created ideas that would forever change the way people envision themselves and their relation to God and the universe, some simply patched together tidbits of ideas that were not born out of deep philosophical inquiry, but had more of an instinctive type of logical grounding. This was the line of thinking that made up Domenico

Throughout time, there have been deep misconceptions on who the fathers of philosophy and greatest contributors to civilization. In the 1954 book, Stolen Legacy, George James, a Guyanese historian and author, argued that the highly acclaimed Greek philosophy actually originated in ancient Egypt. James’ arguments on Ancient Egypt being the basis of Greek philosophy will be discussed as it relates to the goals of Egyptian theory of salvation and Egyptian Mystery system.

Medieval philosophy deals with the great attempts by Christian, Jewish, and Arab thinkers to synthesize their religious faiths with Greek and Roman philosophy.

At first glance the words “Tradition” and “tradition” may appear to be identical concepts. Upon further study, examination, and contemplation, however, these two words differ in their precise definitions. “Tradition” carries more weight and meaning than the word “tradition.” Similarly, “Truth” and “truth” do not denote the exact same principle. In fact, philosophers and religious scholars have been debating the origins of the latter two doctrines since the Middle Ages. The major dispute associated with “Truth” with a capital T and “truth” with a lower-case “t” focuses around the field of study in which each is used. According to two prominent thinkers of the

The great revival of philosophical and theological study which the thirteenth century witnessed was conditioned by the influence of Aristotle. The theory of the universe propounded by the Stagirite had to be reconciled with the traditional Platonic-Augustinian realism. This Thomas Aquinas undertook to do, following, Aristotle as closely as possible. Duns Scotus, on the other hand, attempted to maintain the ancient realism, while supporting it by modern or Aristotelian methods. Interests and tendencies, however, came up in his work which drove his disciples away from his position. The growth of empirical research and psychological analysis together with the new activity of the reason in the epistemological field on the