Secondary Transfer Effects Of Intergroup Contact

More often than not, many refugees struggle to find acceptance in the place in which they fled to. Interestingly, throughout history there exists a trend of undesirable groups from one particular region often find themselves struggling to find acceptance elsewhere (Arendt, 1968, p. 269). This particular trend can be seen in the migrations of LGBTQ asylum-seekers.

The adaptation of the local culture for immigrants consists of the integration of events such as customs, religion, and tradition. Those events are transmitted from generation to generation. They work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others. “Conversely, the values and behaviors adopted by descendants of immigrants can shift towards those of the majority population by means of school socialization, the media, and friends from the host culture” (Pailhé, 2015).

There is no doubt that communities and cultures have been exposed to one another over the course of time. This interaction is known as the “middle ground” where different groups come in contact for various reasons either accidentally or purposely. This interaction and mixture of communities has the potential of creating a good or bad relationship between the two different groups, depending on the circumstances and their intentions. The reality is that there is fear towards many different communities which is mostly due to the lack of knowledge and lack of comprehension there is for these groups. Communities and cultures cross borders because they want to create a just society; we continue to live in a world full of unjust treatment, the drive to help others and fight for a fair society explains why communities and cultures cross borders. Crossing over of these communities leads to understanding and

Jeremy Adam Smith’s “Our Fear of Immigrants” proposes a sympathetic outlook towards immigrants. Smith wants the disgust and loathe of citizens to stop, and instead for them to start retaining empathy for newcomers. While reading the article, there is a sense of fear that people hold for immigrants. Many of these fears are mainly blamed on many motives such as psychological reasoning, genetic cognitive, and social status. Although Smith provides plenty logic behind the behavior of citizens, there should also be the point of view behind the immigrants themselves.

Viewing the interactions between races and ethnicities is also important to observe. An ethnic group is a social category of people who share a common culture, such as a common language, a common religion, or common norms, customs, practices, and history. Ethnic groups have a consciousness of their common cultural bond. It is important to look at the role of social interaction and how it reduces racial and ethnic hostility and how race and ethnicity are socially constructed. “In essence, symbolic interactionists ask the question, ‘What happens when two people of different race or ethnicity come in contact with one another and how can such interracial or interethnic contact reduce hostility and conflict?’ Observing different characteristics and how the people interact with one another is important, because even though many differ in their ethnic and racial background, a common goal exists that they all share: to bring about a safe community where everyone feels accepted and wanted.

Hermanin, C., Guidetti, D., & Kroon, E. D. (2012, December 3). Racism in Europe and What To Do About It. Retrieved February 13, 2017, from https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/ racism-europe-and-what-do-about-it

Majority’s attitudes towards immigrants play an important role in immigrants’ integration to the host society. Previous studies have kept reported that immigrant integration policies have positive impact on majority’s intergroup attitudes. However, none of the studies have not revealed the mechanisms why integration policies have positive impacts on the attitudes empirically. This study focuses on intergroup contact, social norms, and symbolic boundaries as potential mediators of integration policies and majority’s positive attitudes towards immigrants. First of all, intergroup contact may be increased as integration policies are well-organized,

Conversely, some participants explained that they have experienced discrimination even in a predominantly Latina/o community. With regard to this finding, perceived discrimination in a predominantly Latina/o community, there may be two possible explanations. First, intergroup contact theory argues that prejudice is reduced when there are positive relations between groups. However it is possible that the intergroup contacts in a homogenous community are not positive interactions that promote decreased prejudice. Second, some of the participants in this study explained that they have perceived discrimination from other Latina/os, This finding consistent with previous research that has noted the existence of within-group discrimination in the

This essay's aim is to discuss the possibility of reducing prejudice and intergroup conflicts in the light of how social policies can help to achieve this goal. Since the second World War, social psychology went though major changes, and specifically effected by group influences. Before WWII psychology focused on ethnic and racial tensions, biological and cultural differences that made individuals react the way they did. After WWII the focus was on faulty, implicit generalisations that lead to racial hatred,

Anti-immigrant sentiment tends to arrive when waves of mass immigration occurs, the host societies believe that their jobs are being taken from them and that their standard of living is falling all because of the migrants that have come to live in the host country. Due to this anti-immigration sentiment can be seen to be a politically significant phenomenon in European societies since the second world war. Strong political opposition to immigration comes from populist-extremist parties (PEPs), they see immigration as a threat to the social and cultural cohesion of the host country. On the political spectrum most of these parties are right wing parties, somewhere between established conservative parties and openly violent and anti-democratic right wing parties. Over the past years in Europe these parties have been growing in power and during the past three waves of PEPs, they have slowly gained more and more power even though many thought they would die out. The first waves of PEPs come about after the second world war, in the immediate post war period the Sozialistiche Reichspartei party in West Germany was established however this was banned by he constitution later on. The second wave came int he 1970s with the National Front in the UK and the anti-tax parties in Scandinavia. The third wave came in the 1980s when a large number of parties emerged and have remained part of the political scene since then. This shows that anti-immigrant sentiment is politically significant in

A recent survey was conducted which revealed that forty-one percent of Americans currently hold anti-immigrant sentiments. Similar trends were discovered for Europeans with thirty-seven percent of people in the United Kingdom and fifty-two percent of people in France expressing anti-immigrant attitudes (Krogstad, 2015). These trends show that negative views about immigrants are evident globally, and thus should be treated as an important issue. However, anti-immigrant attitudes are not involuntary and do not emerge from individual thought. Western nations, the United States in particular, use significant events in history such as the 9/11 attacks to their advantage by inciting extreme nationalism that demonizes immigrants which allows for the

Another approach which can be used to analysis the article is assimilation; prior to the time of these deportation policies it could be argued those in favour of the policy believe that there may be a lack of assimilation from the Mexican community. Many of Trump voters have displayed their feelings towards Mexicans migrants; for example, a large amount of Trump supporters ‘think that undocumented immigrants are more likely than American citizens to commit serious crimes’ (Doherty, 2016). This demonstrates the lack of interactions, whereby many Americans have a shared negative assumption on the migrant’s actions. The Majority of these ideas stem from negative images of migrants evoked by the media. More so, immigration legislations have contributed to the anti-immigrant movement in the US. Usually, the fear of foreigners plays a role in the anti-immigration mindset; since most believe that their culture and language may be affected.

        The view society has on immigrants over many years has been controlled and filtered through often very specific lens. “Our immigration policy

For example, research suggests that ‘settled’ immigrants tend to experience lower levels of racism or racist attitudes than more recent arrivals to

Attached is a copy of my outline for the extended essay. It includes pieces of information from different research that I will use to support my EE. My research question is “What is the purpose of unconscious racial discrimination in humans and how effective are the conditions of Allport’s intergroup contact hypothesis in reducing racial discrimination?”. This is from a perspective where racial discrimination is viewed as an evolutionary need and unconscious implies that racial discrimination occurs automatically without the person’s awareness. I am not sure if it is better to use “involuntary”. If you can give me some input on that, it will be great. The last part of the paper will be about Allport’s intergroup contact hypothesis.