Security And Political Stability During Post Soviet World

The last Tsar Nicholas II ascended the throne in 1894 and was faced with a country that was trying to free itself from its autocratic regime. The serfs had recently been emancipated, the industry and economy was just starting to develop and opposition to the Tsar was building up. Russia was still behind Europe in terms of the political regime, the social conditions and the economy. Nicholas II who was a weak and very influenced by his mother and his wife had to deal with Russia’s troubles during his reign. In order to ascertain how successfully Russia dealt with its problems by 1914, this essay will examine the October Manifesto and the split of the opposition, how the Tsar became more reactionary after the 1905 revolution, Stolypin’s

Alexander III’s stance on domestic issues came as no surprise. As a youngster, he was tutored by Konstantin Pobodonestev, a conservative, forceful man who strongly opposed Western ideology. Pobodonestev’s ideas and beliefs rubbed off on the young boy, and he blamed his father’s liberal-minded reforms as the cause for his murder. Seeking to strengthen the autocracy, he gave officials the power to declare a state of emergency, and to arrest or fine anyone unreliable. He also cleverly cut off schools by setting up discriminatory admission rules, against women, poor families, and the Jews. He then forced the expansion of Russian culture and language by forcing everyone in the nation to speak, write, and think in Russian; otherwise known as Russification. Alexander III preferred having as much control as possible over his people, something he did not have in common with his father.

In 1700 in Eastern Europe, the Russia tsar Peter the Great was the head figure in the government, and this continued up until Russia’s last tsar Nicholas II. In the 1700s, the tsars of Russia practiced absolutism, claiming divine right and having complete authority over their subjects. However, by the 1850s after the embarrassing losses in the Crimean War, due to the fact that Russia was far behind the West in technology, opposition against the tsar began to grow. In the 1860s, when

For many decades, Russia was isolated from other part of the world politically and geographically. During the First World War, Russia’s industrialization was progressing fairly, as they implemented an education reform program to promote literacy among people. The program would have been successful if it was continued without obstacles. They also implemented a program named Stolypin in order to modernize the agriculture, which was bringing successful changes to the country; however, the Stolypin program was not completed because of problems such as War, the absent of a proper parliament institutions ,the corruption and excess of power among the secret police. Ethnicity in Russia groups was also among the problems as the Russian empire was becoming anarchical and it was getting difficult to maintain it due to pressure form the population who felt that their basic need were not being responded while the monarchy was having an extravagant lifestyle (Kennan,1). By 1917, most Russian were now convinced about the fact that Czar Nicholas II was not good enough to help revive the economy in Russia. Also, Corruption in the government was still untouched and the king had already dissolved the Duma because they did not agree to his will. The economy was still backward, without jobs, frustrated people were tired of the conditions that they lived

The Cold War was a direct result of the feud between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. Due to this feud both countries made alliances, Canada went with the United States as well as many other countries and together formed NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Following the influence and model of the United States’ social structure and capitalist economy, as well as the constant threat of nuclear warfare and communism, a new social structure was created within Canada. The Cold War created new identities and lifestyles for all Canadian citizens. This was done to eliminate communism, increase patriotism and as a way for Canadian citizens to work together to combat nuclear threats. Communism was a constant threat in Canada and was to be eliminated if not at least controlled at all costs. This meant that everyone had to act according to the new social structure, or risk suspicion of being a Soviet spy. This new social structure resembled harsh sexist stereotypes where the men are the breadwinners and the women are the homemakers. This type of relationship was called the nuclear family. This paper is going to look at the social roles that the Cold War created because of the threat of communism, nuclear warfare, governmental influence and social influence within Canada for men, women and children.

Post World War II, both the United States and the Soviet Union were fearful of fighting each other directly from fear of nuclear weapons and mass destruction (D. Johnson, P. Murray). Instead, they fought each other by participating in wars on separate parts of the world. Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union constantly fluctuated due to both sides trying to influence political and economic developments around the world (D. Johnson, P. Murray).

America’s foundation was constructed on the ideal of freedom, whether that be religious, political, or individual freedom. U.S. citizens have very strong feelings about their independence and will do almost anything to protect their rights from being taken away. During the 1950s Americans were afraid that their freedom was going to be threatened and taken away by the communist style of government. The Soviet Union and America were both trying to win control on a global scale, but with the USSR being communist the paranoia of a socialism takeover was heightened. Americans were so fearful of communism that it became known as the Red Scare. All over the country people were being accused of being communist spies and federal employees were being interrogated, the U.S. was in full panic mode. The United States was so fearful of the USSR being able to gather more communist allies and take over that the U.S. stepped in militarily to protect South Korea from North Korea’s communist invasion. This battle for dominance between the nations was named the Cold War. I believe that this war was justified because there were clear threats towards the United States and their capitalist ideals. In the very beginning of the Cold War the Soviet Union successfully tested an atomic bomb. This seemed like a clear indication that the USSR had plans to use that bomb in order to establish their dominance and embark on a communist takeover. America fought to keep their freedom and rights safe from the

The turn of the century illuminated Russia, commonly labeled as “backwards” by the other European powers, as the last remaining European autocracy. Russian society still operated on the estate system, which was characterized by an enormous gap between the upper class nobility and the lower class peasantry. Peasants comprised eighty percent of the population and only a fraction were educated. They had little understanding of government and were highly patriarchal. Many served as serfs. It was not until the 1860s that these serfs were freed from legal bondage by Nicholas’ grandfather, Alexander II. However, this was not enough to satisfy Russian citizens’ newfound taste of freedom. In the years following, they demanded he establish an elected parliament,

Catherine the Great also known as Catherine II, (who was the most longest ruling female in Russia) had ruled Russia form 1762 to 1796. During her time in throne, Catherine had made Russia a more developed country in many different aspects. Catherine the Great had effected nobility, peasantry, military, religion and taxes / government spendings. She controlled all of these aspects of Russia and these are the main reason why she is the absolute monarch. Like i said Catherine controlled Russia nobility.

Along with the behavior and abuse from the government, this caused people to be treated with disrespect. Both men and women were physically punished if they disobeyed. The fight for social and political change became massive problem for people in general. Russia had suffered a minor setback in government, as neighboring states saw improvement in freedom. Russia controlled its power by the forces of the army, the dumas, who held the “authority to assess taxed and to organize pubic services” (Merriman, 710). … controlled by the zemstvos wealthy landowners who elected members in where more of a value then the town people and or peasants. The caused the Russia Empire to endure the same outcome. It’s when the individuals who want to help shape their

Russification formally began in 1899 and ended in 1917, however the stigma and attitude towards ethnic minorities in Russia was always present in the very nationalist country. Ethnocentric, authoritarian Russian nationalism was on the rise, as manifested both in an aggressive foreign policy and in a growing intolerance of non-Russian minorities within the empire. The Russian government began implementing a program of Russification that included the imposition of the Russian language in schools and in governmental administration. It meant that children could not be taught their own language in schools and non-Russians were restricted from practising their own religions. This caused a great amount of tension within the many states and ethnicities living within Russian borders as it was seen as an attack on their own culture and language and was extremely invasive. The goal of these measures was to bring non-Russian people into the Russian cultural scope and thus, in doing so, under more direct political control. The Russification policies initially targeted the Polish, but eventually other non-Russian groups also began to feel its pressure. Nearly all important officials were Russians and all official business was conducted in the Russian language. Additionally,

The outcomes of the reforms were not considered in as black-and-white terms as previously. Russia: People and Empire by Geoffrey Hosking we might say was a transitional textbook on the topic. Hosking’s book looks at Russian history through the lens of Russia’s failure to develop nationally. Hosking states it was both the conviction that serfdom was immoral and the belief that it was harming Russia economically that caused the tsar and several of the elites to call for reform. This discussion shows the importance that theories concerning the dynamic relationship between the tsar and other elements of society now hold in academia. The reforms, he argues, fell flat in transforming Russian society, but did have positive effects through the zemstvo social programs, judicial reforms, and economic results. This is a pattern of historical analysis continues today. The dynamic relationship of the enlightened bureaucrats and the reforming tsar is one of the most important elements in the modern discussion. As well as the reforms having success in their individual areas (judicial, local government ect), but not transforming Russia and thus being a failure in greater Russian

When I recall the specific time period, habitually referred as “Cold war era” and a communist regime arena where I spent my childhood, I retrieve traces of the impressions about Americans that I formed at that time. As stated by numerous propaganda, America used to be defined as almost the devil-incarnate who wishes war, also men who often depicted with beaver hats and embosom atomic bombs in order to destroy other countries where communist regime was nested. That was the impressions of my entire childhood about America.

In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the different reforms implemented by both Alexander II and Alexander III. Also looking at how it effected Russia in general

This essay argued, after the war on terror, there are several changes in conceptualizing “Security”. Firstly, the concept of security become more complex and paradoxical in nature due to the construction of concepts by the terrorist’s strategy accompanied by globalization, and the unanticipated insecurity caused by the US’s use of military force. Secondly, despite the paradox arisen from the use of military force, a new risk-based regime has developed over the years of war on terror, broadening the notion of risk in the idea of security.