Skykes And Matzas Theory Of Techniques Of Neutralization

With the limitations of traditional criminological theories and the failings of the traditional criminal justice system, John Braithwaite’s reintegrative shaming theory provides a refreshing alternative to previous retributive and penal approaches (Braithwaite, 1989; White, Haines & Asquith, 2012). With its emphasis on cultural integration, the theory has shown utility amongst practitioners and academics (Kim & Gerber, 2012; Hay, 2001). However, despite its value, Braithwaite’s theory has not been without considerable critique (White, Haines & Asquith, 2012).

(2013) To analyze this event, I chose Travis Hirschi’s social bond theory. I choose this one because the theory begins with the proposition that delinquent acts result when an individual’s bond to society is weak or broken. The bond is comprised of four elements, which are attachment, committed, involvement, and belief (Akers and Sellers, 2013 p. 117). As the information continues to unfold regarding the past of the two suspects in this particular case, it is clear that attachment, which is the extent to which we identify with others and care about their expectations, and belief, which refers to the belief that laws and society’s rules in general are morally correct and should be obeyed, (Akers and Sellers, 2013 p. 117) constituted as the weakened elements for the two bomb suspects.

Techniques of neutralization are ways for people to justify their defiance of society’s norms. These are observed in five categories: denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of a victim, condemnation of the condemner, and appeal to higher loyalties. Denial of responsibility puts the blame on the persons surrounding temptations rather than themselves. They say that they couldn’t control their urges. An example of this would be if someone were to break a vase and they justified their actions by saying they couldn’t help themselves.

Sykes and Matza state that there is five contributory factors to the rationalisation process these are “ denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to the higher loyalties.” Denial of responsibility is when a delinquent will blame another group for his criminal act such as his parents did not give them a good upbringing or his school let him down, they look at themselves as the victim. Denial of injury is when they rationalise there action because nobody was hurt, for example vandalism or shoplifting from a large store chain who they believe can afford the lose. Denial of the victim is when they state that the victim deserved it. Condemnation of the condemners they blame the other group for there actions and try to deflect responsibility and appeal to higher loyalties they are fighting for the ethical good. Chambliss and Snider state that capitalism is the main contributor to delinquency as we strive to achieve personal wealth and gain an individual who does not achieve this feel justified in delinquent behaviour.

Many of today’s interrogation models being utilized in police investigations have an impact on false confessions. The model that has been in the public eye recently is the social psychological process model of interrogation known as the “The Reid Technique.” There are two alternatives used by the police today to replace the Reid Technique, one is the PEACE Model and the other is Cognitive Interviewing. These methods are not interrogation techniques like Reid but interview processes.

Restorative justice is an innovative approach to the criminal justice system that focuses on repairing the harm caused by crimes committed. The methods used in the conventional justice system may deter the offender from committing further crimes, but it does neither repair the harm caused, nor help them acknowledge their responsibility, instead it stigmatises them, worsening the situation instead of improving it (Johnstone 2003). “Stigmatisation is the kind of shaming that creates outcasts; it is disrespectful, humiliating” (p.85). It breaks the moral bonds between offender and community and can result in the creation of a destructive cycle that may result in fear and isolation. The shaming by stigmatisation creates a negative effect which

Our criminal justice system has over time implemented and changed the means of sentencing and punishment for crimes. In the United States plea deals are accountable for 90% of criminal cases. A plea deal is an agreement between prosecutor and defendant in whom the defendant accepts a guilty plea to a charge and in return receives some type of concession from the prosecution. As we have moved forward in the judicial system and now have the ability to look back on previous cases, plea deals have become more controversial. The majority of awareness in this area has been used to look deeper into false confessions, grazing right over the fact that false confessions are a large part plea deals. A controversy arose when many refused to believe that situational factors during interrogations and dispositional factors inherent to the suspects could result in false confessions. (Redlich, 2010)

When questioning witnesses of a crime, detectives may choose a specific technique; one technique is the Reid Technique. The Reid Technique is a multi-step questioning method that pressures the witnesses or the accused to admit to the crime. It is used in North America. According to Professor Brent Snook, a psychologist at the Memorial University in Newfoundland, the Reid Technique is “Starsky and Hutch”, where two hot head detectives “beat up” their suspects to encourage them confess (http://news.nationalpost.com/2011/11/25/youre-guilty-now-confess-false-admissions-put-polices-favourite-interrogation-tactic-under-scrutiny/). This paper will examine the steps of the Reid Technique, as well as reveal substantial evidence that this technique should be banned. This technique has led to false confessions. Not only does this mean that someone has been punished that isn’t guilty, but it also means the real criminal has not been found and punished. The arguments against the use of this technique are the following:

How to appropriately and fairly carry out criminal justice matters is something that every country struggles with. A major reason for this struggle is the fallibility of the justice system. It is acceptable to concede that the possibility of human error in every case and investigation may lead to a wrongful conviction. In the case of David Milgaard, however, Canada's Criminal Justice System not only erred, but failed grievously, resulting in millions of dollars wasted, in a loss of public confidence in the system, and most tragically, in the robbery of two decades of one man's life. Factors including, but not limited to, the social context at the time of the crime, the social perception of deviance, the influence of the media, and the

Becker argued those who are labeled as a criminal by the police and middle-upper class, are more likely to conform to that label because they view authorities and society as the enemy. He goes on to explain that “social groups create deviance by making the rules, [and] those who break them are deviants” (Slides 6 and 7, 11/18). In other words, Becker insinuates a person could be forced into criminal acts due to the stereotypes the public has about criminals.

The American criminal equity framework depends on the idea that wrongs have causes, that such causes are preventable, and that damaging demonstrations warrant reward to casualties and also discipline for guilty parties (Leo and Gould, 2009). On the off chance that the issue is

I did not watch the film, Criminal Justice: Nothing Cuts Deeper, but I thought you both brought up interesting points about plea bargaining in your analyses. I did not realize that plea bargains were as common as they are until Crystal pointed out that in 1989, less than 2% took their cases to trial. That is a shockingly low number! Abraham also pointed out that this means that defendants are waiving important rights, “protected by the Fifth and Sixth Amendments: the right to a jury trial, the right against self-incrimination, and the right to confront hostile witnesses.” As far as I understand, the foundations of the American criminal justice process are built around these essential rights! In reality, very few people have faith in and are

The Criminal Justice System goes as far back as the days of Jesus. There were Soldiers who acted like policeman, the tribune which was the court system, and Caesar, Herod and even Pontius Pilate stood as judge. The prison system was that of dark caves and dungeons. As we journey to the twenty-first century, nothing has genuinely changed. In my essay I will explicate how the various aspect of criminal justice relate to one another as well as why it so important in society. Criminal Justice refers to the facet of social justice that concern violators of criminal law. The

The history of victimology travels further back in time than most would realize. The concept of the victim emerged from the many attempts of many societies and peoples to explain both the reasons behind victimization and the appropriate action to be taken as a result of it (Burgess et al., 2013). As a concept, it can be difficult to define victimology, since each individual defines the term differently. According to the text utilized for this class, victimology is defined as being the study of the victim, including the offender and society. It is also seen as being a social-structural way of viewing the relationships between crime and the law as well as the criminal and the victim (Burgess et al, 2013)..

Introduction: Every chemical change is accompanied by a change in energy usually in the form of heat. If heat is evolved, the reaction is exothermic, and if heat is absorbed, the reaction is endothermic. The energy change of a reaction that occurs at constant pressure is called the heat of reaction or the enthalpy of reaction (ΔHr). This quantity of heat is measured experimentally by allowing the reaction to occur in a calorimeter. In this experiment you will determine the heat of neutralization when an acid and a base react to form 1 mole of water. In a perfect calorimeter, heat is exchanged only between the reaction and the calorimeters water. Technically, some heat may may be absorbed the calorimeter. All calorimeters exchange some heat with its environment. This amount of heat is called the calorimeters heat capacity (the amount of of heat required to raise its temperature 1∘Celsius). We are going to “pretend” that our calorimeter is the perfect calorimeter.