Phinney & Ong’s (2007) article discusses both the social and developmental perspectives of psychology in relation to the various components and measurements that are commonly used to identify ethnic identity within groups. To aid in their discussion, the researchers start by analyzing the available studies whose research effectually laid the groundwork for the development of both theoretical models and applicable assessments concerning individual and group ethnic identification, such as the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) and the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure – Revised (MEIM-R). The purpose of this research was for the researchers to be able to draw their own conclusions regarding modern theories of ethnic identity so that …show more content…
277). However, Phinney & Ong (2007) takes the concept of social identity one step further by suggesting that a person’s ethnic identity is also a form of social identity that develops alongside the formation of both the ingroup and outgroup mentality. Therefore, individuals who feel strongly connected to their ethnic group are more likely to identify with and/or behave according to the social norms and expectations of that group. For example, in studying the differences between the multicultural theory and the social identity theory, researchers Negy, Shreve, Jensen, & Uden (2003) discovered a strong correlation between individual levels of ethnic identity and levels of ethnocentrism in both European Americans and Latino/a Americans. However, there was little to no correlation found among those who identify themselves as African American. Nevertheless, Phinney & Ong (2007) conclude that ethnic identity is multifaceted and research designs and methods should reflect the multidimensional nature of ethnic identity accordingly.
In addition to evaluating ethnic identity from a variety of psychological or behavioral perspectives, the article also discusses a number theoretical models for defining ethnic identity. As Phinney & Ong (2007) state, “a clear theoretical model, therefore, is a necessary foundation for all
While during the internalization-commitment stage, they are satisfied and secure about their race and welcome other racial and ethnic groups; in this stage, they apply their internalized racial identities into their behaviors and actions (Cross, 1991). The frequently used instrument to operationalize Cross’s model is called the Racial Identity Attitude
Racial identification is harder than ethnic identification for most people to avoid. To explain this, in “Racial Identities” in the
Establishing an identity has been called one of the most important milestones of adolescent development (Ruffin, 2009). Additionally, a central part of identity development includes ethnic identity (ACT for Youth, 2002). While some teens search
Defining exactly what shapes ethnic identity in the United States is the hardest question I can imagine being asked. As a child born in the United States, I find this question so difficult because I have been exposed to a large variety of cultures within the small boundaries of my own family. This makes it very difficult to determine one, or even a few characteristics that define ethnic identity. In the case of many of these novels, the task of defining ethnic identity is not so complicated. The list of determinants that I believe to define ethnic identity includes language, geographic location, and tradition.
The peer reviewed article “Ethnic and Racial Identity During Adolescence into Young Adulthood: An Integrated Conceptualization” is a well written article on the struggle that people of color face when coming face to face with their identity in social situations. Umana-Taylor, Quintana, Lee, Cross, Rivas-Drake, Schwartz and Seaton (2014) analyzed ethnic and racial identity or ERI and how it relates to important developments and issues from early childhood well on into young adulthood. They worked to find the most important milestones during the development or ERI as well (Umana-Taylor et. al 2014). This paper will consist of the information given from the article and how I’ve dealt with my own ERI.
Similar to my family’s critical role in my personal and social identity’s development, my ethnicity also contributes some of the most noticeable modifications of a social agents affect on an individual’s personal and social identity. Ethnicity provides a sense of belonging to a group and or a place in a globalised society. As for myself, ethnicity on a micro, meso and macro scale has become a major element in my personal and social identity’s
People with healthy biracial identity acknowledges and integrates both parts of their racial heritage in forming identity, which process is influenced by family, community and context, as well as socio-economic status. Empirical articles reviewed in this paper demonstrate that family socialization, recognition of both ethnic and racial heritages and validation of racial identification from community members have beneficial effect in helping biracial individuals to form a healthy racial identity (Mass, 1992; Chong, 2012; Lou et al., 2011). Having higher socio-economic status will encourage biracial individuals to claim a biracial identity (Townsend et al., 2012). Context change might pose threat for psychological well-being for individuals who have not reached an integrated biracial identity (Collins, 2000;
Identity in a sociological sense is more than individual genetics or individuality. Self identity is made up by many characteristics including; our personal experiences, beliefs, socio-economic status and other factors. Society plays a huge role in determining identity, although true identity generally isn’t a true reflection of an individual’s self identity. Over the generations there have been
Though it does not come up in everyday thought, cultural identity is an idea that all humans possess. Abridged, cultural identity can be simply explained as the sharing of a similar culture by people of various ethnicities. However, cultural identity is more complex than that, defined by an individual’s values, beliefs, and ideas of moral behavior influenced by their culture. Furthermore, cultural identity is ever changing from individual to individual. This means that although two individuals may be of the same ethnicity, differences in circumstances may cause variations between the individuals’ personal beliefs. As a result of interracial interactions, multiculturalism has grown during the twenty-first century.
While many models exist to describe the phenomenon of ethnic identity, the model in question is the Ethnic Identity Development model proposed by Phinney and Ong in 1992. Their theory contains underpinnings of both Erikson and Marcia and is divided into three stages: Unexamined Ethnic Identity, Moratorium, and Ethnic Identity Achievement. Phinney’s theory rests on the proposal that “individuals begin in a state of indifference, confusion, or minimal awareness about their ethnicity, and move toward more complex, flexible, and informed ways
This particular theory views identity as conditional and self motivated as well as being related to one’s culture. Although other theories on identity consider the personal and social identity to be separate, SCT considers the personal and social identity to be
This section review covers the factors related to racial and ethnic identity. The text stated that racial identity is self-determined and incorporates the values from one’s cultural group (Schwarzbaum & Thomas, 2008). The text also explained that ethnic identity can vary from family to family and can lead to value-based conflicts within a family (Schwarzbaum & Thomas, 2008). I thought this section also did a great job in discussing the differences between groups and also within groups. Finally, this section discussed how oppression occurs within these dimensions and how different marginalized individuals have experienced and fight against their oppressors within
Identity can be defined by cultural classification which includes nationality race, religion, gender and social characteristics which includes
When I think of the word “cultural identity”, I think of myself, and what makes up who I am as a person. My cultural identity influences everything about me, from the moment I wake up, to the minute I rest my head on my pillow at night. My culture influences the way I eat, speak, worship, and interact with people. However, I am not only affected by my own culture, but others’ culture as well. I am fortunate to have an extremely rich heritage, and I couldn’t be prouder of my cultural identity.
This paper will weigh if there is a relationship between the psychological constructs of cultural identity and well-being. First there will be a consideration on what defines a cultural identity and how it fits in with psychological development and well-being. Followed by an explanation of different perspectives of well-being.