Speier Esterification

Ethyl ethanoate: Ethyl ethanoate is an ester. Esters are group of organic compounds which have a functional group of –COO-. Esters are liquids that become vapours quickly so they are present in perfumes.

This type of reaction is an oxidation-reduction (or redox) reaction. This reaction is also [anabolic/catabolic] and [endergonic/exergonic].

The GC data for the product produced graph with a signal level out-of-range in peak. This gave a retention time 2.952 minutes. This would not indicate any of the possible ester products. However, after appropriate dilution, a retention time of 1.753 minutes was obtained. This retention time indicates that the ester product was ethyl benzoate.

Esters have small molecular weight and most known for their pleasant aroma. Similar to the unique emission spectrum for different chemical element, different esters release a distinct

2. A catalyst is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

The article I chose this week is by Ester Fung and gives light to a lifestyle I hope to never find myself…living in a big city without a car. Housing developers in big cities such as New York, San Francisco, and San Diego are opting to build apartment complexes and condos without the option of parking spaces for residences. One developer claims, “It’s the future…there is a strong demand for people who want to buy or rent units that are efficient”, while “local authorities seek to encourage the use of mass transit and free up space for parks, housing and other uses” (Fung, 2016). Parking decks and garages cost big bucks, and in cities where space is limited those decks have to be built underground, driving prices up and onto the consumer.

2. What are catalysts? What is a type of catalyst and why is it needed?

At room temperature (25°C), esterification reactions are relatively slow, therefore requiring the rate of the chemical reaction to be increased for the products to be formed efficiently. This is implemented, by using a catalyst, such as concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4 (aq)), as well as by heating the mixture: using a heating mantle. As a result, the energy of the reactants can be greater than the activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction. Hence, as the reactants are relatively volatile, so reflux apparatus such as a pear-shaped flask and a Liebig condenser were used, to minimise the amount of reactants lost, as well as allow the reaction to take place at the highest temperature possible. In addition, boiling chips were added prior to reflux, to prevent bumping and a decrease a loss of volatile reactants, during the reflux

This reaction is between two or more reactants that unites to form a single product. this reaction can also result as more than one product. You can remember this reaction by just remembering the word "combine" since that means putting together two things and make it into one. Technically, you are combining two chemical substance to make a product.

Mechanism: Key features of the Fischer Esterification mechanism are: a. protonation of the carbonyl group, b. the

An ester was synthesized during an organic reaction and identified by IR spectroscopy and boiling point. Acetic acid was added to 4-methyl-2-pentanol, which was catalyzed by sulfuric acid. This produced the desired ester and water. After the ester was isolated a percent yield of 55.1% was calculated from the 0.872 g of ester recovered. This quantitative error was most likely due to product getting stuck in the apparatus. The boiling point of the ester was 143° C, only one degree off from the theoretical boiling point of the ester 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 144 ° C. The values of the

An enzyme is a catalyst. Catalysts are known for speeding up the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy of the biochemical reaction. (Reece et al., 2011)

In this experiment, a Fischer Esterification reaction was performed with two unknown compounds. The unknown compounds, Acid 2 and Alcohol D, were identified by using the knowledge of the reaction that took place, and the identity of the product that was synthesized. The identification of the product resulted from analysis of IR and NMR spectra.

Introduction: Catalysts are also known as enzymes which increases the rate of reactions. In order for a reaction to take place the substrate has to bind in the active site of the enzyme. This will create the enzyme-substrate complex which will then lower the energy of activation. As the activation energy decreases the products are released. The types of factors that affect enzymatic activity are enzymatic specificity, temperature, concentration, and pH. This lab will focus on the effects of pH on enzyme activity. Enzymes with an optimal pH have an increase of rate of reaction.

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up itself. Enzymes are particular catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, but remain unchanged at the end. Enzymes are protein molecules, they are composed of chains of amino acids which function as catalysts and speed up reactions in living organisms without the need to raise the temperature of the reaction. Enzymes are specific for one reaction and lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction, they do this by making the substrate unstable and therefore more likely to bond.