‘The term stress describes a series of dynamical physiological and behavioral changes to promote survival in response to a stressor, with the brain being the critical interpreter of what is stressful’.
Stress as a useful adaptive response is a fairly new concept. In fact, a great emphasis on its detrimental effects has often disregarded the original purpose to evolution. Looking at the physiology of stress may shed some light on the problem of this protective response becoming so threatening in modern society, with more and more people getting stuck in dysregulation patterns, being these at psychological or somatic level.
First, a step back to the notion of healthy organisms will help identifying how homeostasis is maintained. Homeostasis is the capacity of an
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Being the human organism more complex, a number of subsystems are involved in maximising homeostasis, first of all the neuroendocrine system. This consists of the brain and its links with the body via autonomic nervous system (ANS), hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and neuroimmune system. Similarly, the most commonly involved systems in response to a stressor are the locus coeruleus–norepinephrine–sympathetic nervous system pathway, the HPA axis, the parasympathetic system, the immune system, and gene expression and alterations including epigenetic changes. However the latter are beyond the scope of this discussion.
The autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is critical in maintaining the organism in a state of wellbeing.
While the somatic nervous system regulates the motor efferent and sensory afferent pathways, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the autonomic, or visceral, effectors. These effectors include cardiac muscle, smooth muscle (blood vessels, bronchial tubes, stomach,
This analysis persists of key points, about The article “Stress and the brain by Janet Elder”. The author forged an excellent informative piece to educate the reader on the effects of stress on the brain. The author states that “Stress can be both good and bad. It is part of life, and your brain and body respond to it”. The author clarifies that, "Whether stress is harmful or helpful depends on the amount of stress, how severe it is, and how long it lasts".
The Science of Stress is an informative video by National Geographic detailing the body response to stress. Stress is the body’s way of getting itself prepared to face a challenge. It is constant problem that everyone has to deal with. It was originally meant to aid our survival, but over time it has become dangerous and lethal to our well being. National Geographic’s video gives us a scientific view of what goes on in our bodies when experiencing stress and its effects on it.
Stress Is the body’s way of responding to the hectic lives most of us live, whether good or bad. The body releases chemicals into the bloodstream, which creates a rush of energy and strength If an individual is feeling stressed. This energy can prove useful if an individual is in physical danger. Because it enables a person’s survival instinct kicks in; it is often described as ‘fight or flight.’ In addition, stress can also have a negative effect on the body, for example: suffering from stress and leaving it unchecked can contribute to health problems, such as high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, and diabetes.
Animals and Humans have a biological stress response intended to facilitate survival in the case of a life threatening attack or severe illness. This is commonly referred to the “fight or flight” response. Some primates, including humans have developed the unhealthy propensity to trigger this response for psychological or social reasons. Humans in particular experience the stress response exponentially more often for psychological reasons than for the purpose of survival (Stress, 2008). For example, we are may feel “stressed out” about work or school and if we think about it too much and get upset, we may experience a stress response Just by thinking about something that is bothering us, we can trigger the biological “fight or flight”
Stress was defined by Selye as "the nonspecific response of the body to any demand" (Christopher, 1996), the
Viewed from an evolutionary standpoint, in early times stress caused the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system resulting in an outpouring of the hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids that were essential to the life-preserving fight or flight reactions of primitive man (Anthony 1988). However, the nature of stress for the individual today is different. It is only occasionally and unexpectedly that one is confronted with overwhelming, life-threatening stresses. Present stresses arise from everyday stresses of work, finances and school. The problem is that the body still continues to respond in the same fashion as primitive times. This makes the large release of hormones very harmful. They can cause an increase in blood pressure, damage muscle tissue, lead to infertility, inhibit growth, damage the hippocampus and suppress the immune system (Carlson 1994). It is therefore, important that individuals learn to control the stresses in their lives. The more detrimental coping behaviors will cause a larger change
Kelly McGonigal discusses the importance of viewing stress as positive, as opposed to negative, by detailing three specific studies and findings about stress. In the first study, it was discovered that people with a significant amount of stress had a higher mortality rate; however, this was only statistically significant if the subject viewed stress as harmful. If the overly-stressed subject didn’t view stress as harmful, they were actually at the lowest risk of dying, even compared to those with a minimal amount. Therefore, it is important to change a person’s perspective of stress. In particular, McGonigal emphasizes that stress is important for a person’s body: it energizes and prepares them to meet whatever challenge they are facing. Furthermore, it helps the blood vessels remain relaxed, thereby allowing the heart to remain healthy.
Stress is your body’s way of responding to any kind of demand; it can be caused by both good and bad experiences.
Autonomic nervous system help the body remain in a homeostasis state with the help of sympathetic, parasympathetic,
Stress has been defined by Selye as a non-specific organic response to situations that are stressful to the organism. Its presence in a moderated form signifies a normal adaptation to day-to-day demands. When it is excessive, it is a manifestation of psychological distress with physical and emotional reactions, and the symptoms vary depending on the phase in which it is found. In her
Stress is a subjective response involving interactions between an individual and the environment that is appraised by the individual as being detrimental to their mental and physical wellbeing (Selye, 2013). A combination of genetics, life stressors and ongoing stress can increase vulnerability to psychiatric disorders such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety (Haddadi & Besharat, 2010), alongside physiological disorders such as cardiovascular disease (Seery, 2011). However, the response to stress can be mediated by overcoming the adverse effects of risk exposure, avoiding negative trajectories and learning to cope successfully with traumatic experiences. This process of adapting to the environment following a stressful
Stress is a common health issue for the body and mind, but it can be managed if not avoid.
Psychological and physical well-being and the overall quality of life are under a constant threat of stress and thus, psychological and medical sciences have long been concerned with studying stress response. Cox (1979) claimed that because of the poor understanding and defining it, the concept of stress tends to be rather elusive. The term, “stress”, commonly describes any physchological or physical alteration that deranges the organism’s homeostasis (or balance). This essay reviews some of the biological factors involved in stress and it has been organized in the following way. The paper begins by briefly introducing the concept of stress. It will then go on to discus and describe the automatic response (fight or flight reaction),
First I would like to start out with clarifying the different kinds of homeostasis in greater detail.
Long-term activation of this stress-response system can lead to the disruption of almost all of the body’s processes. If this happens, the individual has an increased risk of developing numerous health problems. So, to prevent this from happening, the problem must be nipped in the bud.