Stress Related Mucosal Disease ( Srmd )

Evidence suggests that pressure ulcers greatly increase mortality rates in both hospitals and nursing homes (Thomas, 2001). Patients who develop a pressure ulcer within six weeks of admission to an acute-care facility are three times more likely to die than patients who do not develop pressure ulcers (Thomas, 2001). Moreover, patients who develop a pressure ulcer within three months of admission to a long-term care facility are associated with a 92% mortality rate compared with a 4% mortality rate for patients who do not develop them (Thomas, 2001). This evidence alone shows how significant this problem is to the overall health status of patients. In my personal nursing experience, I have heard many complaints voiced from patients and their family members concerning the development of new pressure ulcers. Patients and family members have expressed dissatisfaction because of the increased stress and prolonged hospital stay often associated with the treatment of pressure ulcers.

Sepsis is both best known yet most poorly understood medical disorders [1]. Sepsis leads to shock, multiple organ failure and death if not recognized early and treated promptly [2]. It is a serious clinical condition that represents a patient’s response to infection and has a high mortality rate [3]. Sepsis remains the dominant challenge in the care of critically ill patients [4]. Up to 19 million cases of sepsis worldwide per annum is estimated. The true incidence is higher [1]. Sepsis is associated with a mortality rate of 25 - 30% and mortality due to septic shock is 50-85% [6-8]. Patients with sepsis requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission had high rates of ICU and overall hospital mortality, ranging from 18 to 50% [9-12]. The most common sites of infection are

Stress has a huge impact on the immune system. The immune system is interconnected. For example the immune, nervous, and endocrine system is linked through specialized communication pathways involving hormones, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and immune cell productions. Stress reactions can directly affect the various response systems and how they handle the neuroendocrine-products. This stress reaction directly affects the hypothalamus and pituitary peptides through the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. Some of these stressors might be life events, anxiety, and excitements.

Outline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and stress related illness

Under the Core measures, Sepsis is one of the problem-focused trigger for systemic infection and if untreated which can lead to death. In United States, it is the 11th leading cause of death and consumes the large amount of costs about $20.3 billion in 2011 (Jones et al.,2016). According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 1.5 million people diagnosed with sepsis, and at least 250,000 patients die from that yearly (CDC, 2017). The evidence-based research revealed with results of certain pre existing conditions, pathophysiological studies, preventive measures and sepsis bundle for treating and preventing sepsis to save the life of the patients.

In 2008, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) announced that they would not be paying for any additional cost incurred for hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (Cooper, 2013). Pressure ulcers continue to be problem for health care organizations, despite their aggressive move to eliminate them in the health care setting. Furthermore, the acute care units pressure ulcers occurrences continues to be one of the most underrated problem that has a major impact on patient outcomes as well as reimbursement of care. Acute care patients are at a higher risk for developing pressure ulcers than other patients within the hospital. Primarily due to the fact that patients are hemodynamically unstable, from the use of vasopressors, the use of life saving devices, population age and other health issues. Health care must continue to place emphasis on the prevention of pressure ulcers in order to reduce co-morbidities and ensuing costs. The aim of this paper is to discuss the cost of pressure ulcers, multiple risk factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers, to show one acute care unit’s current practices to decrease pressure ulcers, look at evidence-based interventions, then to propose a change in current practice to reduce the number of pressure ulcers.

is one of the leading causes of death among hospitalized patients (Alberti et al., 2003). It

Wolters Kluwer Health, I. (2017). Pressure ulcers get new terminology and staging definitions: Staff repor. Nursing Management,

Each articles made the purpose of the article clear and emphases on the pressure ulcer risk factors and importance of prevention and management. Pressure ulcers once were considered an accepted evil that accompanied any prolonged hospital stay. Despite pressure ulcers being recognized as a largely preventable adverse event, they remain a major problem for patients in all health care settings and can lead to increased morbidity particularly for the chronically ill and the elderly. In some instances, pressure ulcers are complicated by infection, patient deterioration and even death if strategies are not implemented early in patients identified at risk. Performance improvement data can serve as a rich medium for the creation, development, and

Sepsis, a potentially life-threatening complication of an infection, occurs when chemicals are released into the bloodstream to fight infection. These chemicals trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2016). Sepsis can be triggered by any type of infection: bacterial, viral, or fungal. Contrary to popular belief, sepsis is responsible for a great number of deaths in the United States alone. Sepsis kills more than 258,000 Americans per year, is the number one cause of death in hospitals, and kills more Americans than prostate cancer, breast cancer, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) combined. (Rory Staunton Foundation for Sepsis Prevention, n.d.) As cited in nursing journal, “Sepsis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges,” ‘One of the

Preventing pressure ulcers in an acute care or a critical care situation can be challenging for nursing staff. Pressure ulcers cause an increase in morbidity and mortality, along with very high cost for the hospitals. Treatment cost average $11 billion per year in the United States. (Skolnik M.D. & Carcia, D.O., 2015) They cause patient pain and are preventable by all nursing staff. “The skin is the body’s largest organ and the first line of defense against the internal and external environment, and it plays an important part in maintaining health.” (Brunner et al., 2012) For adult patients does the use of a skin care products reduce the risk of pressure ulcers compared to those patients using no skin care

The study subjects were gathered from various ICU centers at various institutions, which is appropriate for study given the study objective and what the study was aiming to examine and determine (using a study drug vs. placebo in an ICU environment). Inclusion criteria were appropriate to assess the effects of the anti-pyretic acetaminophen due to their specificity of including those patients who were febrile with an infection that had been initiated with antimicrobial therapy. The exclusion criteria was extensive and included patient characteristics and disease states that may have skewed the true effect of acetaminophen. It was appropriate to limit these patients with the exclusion criteria from receiving treatment since their comorbidities

Results of study: PPIs are generally considered safe, but initial studies reported that the short-term use of this drug (8 months) was associated with adverse effects like vomiting/nausea, dizziness, headache, and hypersensitivity reaction. On the basis of these observations, thereafter, several studies unraveled potential long-term effects of PPI therapy. The studies reveal that upon intake of PPIs calcium absorption efficiency decreases by 41% in elderly women. It is shown that odds ratio for hip fracture increase with the intake of PPIs over subsequent years from 1.22 at one year, 1.41 at two years, 1.54 at three years to 1.59 at four years. A significant difference in the value was seen between men and women and the odds ratio was analyzed to be 1.78 vs 1.36, respectively. A study further showed the increment in the odds ratio to 1.62 and 1.92 respectively upon the use of PPIs for 5 and 7 years, respectively. The OR for Vitamin B12 deficiency associated with the use of PPIs for above a year was

In a critically ill patient trauma to the body will cause a response of increased metabolism and hyperglycemia. This response involves the endocrine, immunological, and hematological systems. The main cause of the hyperglycemia is the pituitary hormone secretions in conjunction with an activation of the sympathetic system. This is referred to Stress Induced Hyperglycemia, or SIH. In these cases, the stress comes from the trauma and can cause an adrenal cortisol and catecholamine surge that is said to cause the SIH and correlate to how severe the injury is. There is an over abundance of gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and insulin resistance that happens in response to the neuroendocrine system. The cause of stress hyperglycemia is from an increased

Although there is no doubt that psoriasis is a powerful entrepreneur of stress, it is evidence that psoriasis is rare due to stress, although tension can cause psoriasis worse, and psoriasis can be stressed. Dealing with psoriasis or without stress is the challenge for most people living in the 21st century. The following suggestions have been given to reduce stress: