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Substance Abuse In Adolescents: A Case Study

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The abuse of alcohol and other substances has been an ongoing global epidemic amongst individuals of all ages, but mostly adolescents. This paper discusses the risk factors that an adolescent faces that end up pushing them to opioid use and addiction. It is a review of studies done in the past 5 years (2009-2014) on how big an impact domestic factors can have on an individual’s life. The various types of factors will be discussed, the affect a family members drug use can have on the rest of the household, how the closeness of a relationships within the family can impact the drug use, and the different types of drugs that can be obtained. It will also review the correlation between substance abuse and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). …show more content…

The highest levels of recorded use were in the established market economies of North America, Western Europe, and Oceania (Degenhardt & Hall, 2012). Between 14 million and 56 million people aged 15-64 years were estimated to have used an amphetamine-type stimulant (0·3-1·3%) (Degenhardt & Hall, 2012). The highest levels of use were near amphetamine-manufacturing countries in Southeast Asia. For cocaine, the number of users worldwide ranged from 14 million to 21 million (0·3-0·5% of the population aged 15-64 years) (Degenhardt & Hall, 2012). The largest market was North America, then western and central Europe followed by South America (Degenhardt & Hall, 2012). The global number of opioid users was estimated at 12-21 million people (Degenhardt & Hall, 2012). More than half these users lived in Asia, and the highest levels of use were along the main drug trafficking routes out of Afghanistan. (Degenhardt & Hall, …show more content…

Many of the individual factors include sensation seeking personality, impulsive behavior, psychological distress and being emotionally instable (Whitesell, et al., 2013). Two common individual factors are Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and depression (Whitesell, et al., 2013). Similar to that are adolescents that are victims of PTSD or other mental illnesses. Sexual orientation, gender and ethnicity are also individual risk factors (Whitesell, et al., 2013). ADHD is characterized by uncontrollable behavior, hyper activity (ranging from fidgeting to the constant need to move), and/or the inability to focus or and the lack of proper attention span (Whitesell, et al., 2013). Many studies, including a meta-analysis of 13 studies, have pointed towards childhood ADHD as leading to adolescent substance use. Specifically, children with ADHD have an increased chance of substance use, with the increased likelihood ranging from 1.47 to 3 times (Whitesell, et al., 2013). The 13 meta-analysis have shown that ADHD can particularly lead to alcohol and/or nicotine use (Whitesell, et al., 2013). Though many may believe it to be, it is not true that ADHD medication will increase the likeliness of abuse, but it might actually reduce the likeliness by almost half (Whitesell, et al., 2013). Clinical depression is

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