Part A: Summary and Discussion NSW English K-10 Syllabus (Board of Studies, NSW, 2012) for Speaking and Listening
The focus on oral language especially, speaking and listening, in the NSW English Syllabus K-10 is created so that language learning is recursive and develops through our expansive contexts. The resources accompanying speaking and listening ensure students are using metalanguage, phonology, morphology and syntax.
‘The aim of English in Years K–10 is to enable students to understand and use language effectively, appreciate, reflect on and enjoy the English language and to make meaning in ways that are imaginative, creative, interpretive, critical and powerful.’ (NSW Syllabus., 2012, p. 12). Educating students to become
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Children learn spoken language before they start school through their social groups and develop understandings of everyday spoken registers. Language development continues at school, involving vocabulary and access to more written-like language, which lays the foundation for learning to read.’ (Winch et al., chapter 3 p. 39). Chomsky developed the nativist theory that regards language as a distinctive human achievement, which is an innate structure of the brain. ‘Chomsky came up with the idea of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD). The LAD is a language organ that is hardwired into our brains at birth. Because of this, we are born with the ability to understand and develop language. Once a child is exposed to language, the LAD activates. It allows them to understand the rules of whatever language they are exposed to.’ (Study.com, 2013, chapter 8., Lesson 3). Chomsky emphasises that a child’s language acquisition takes place quickly and effortlessly due to the child having complete linguistic capabilities from birth and need only learn to express this capability regarding oral language. LAD relies indirectly on the language children hear, and input from those around them and serves as a trigger to syntactic structures. Speaking and listening is a crucial resource in student’s learning and literacy development. As student’s start school, there is a deliberate attention and use of metalanguage that they will be using during their schooling
English IV is the last english you have to take in high school, unless you want to
However, these conventions are not necessarily documented for children to learn from and even if they were an infant would not have the capacity to learn from them. Instead children learn the language conventions of their family group through social interactions. That is, it is through interactions with parents and siblings that the child learns; by observing and then imitating them (this comes fromP6 Language and Learning in the digital age). The oral language children develop at this age can have a large bearing on their success later in the schooling system as the ‘oral language underpins the whole scope of learning’ (understanding oral language p. 17). Children who have a good grasp of the oral language are better equipped to ask questions and give voice to their thoughts and interact with their teachers and peers (understanding language p 17).
The English Curriculum (2014) values the position speaking, listening, reading and writing have as independent lessons. However, all four sectors combined are recognised as a positive developmental factor in the intellectual growth of students. It is expressed within the English curriculum how significant spoken language is; in relation to child development and also in terms of student’s progression throughout the wider curriculum. Researchers such as Owen and Burnett (2014) state that spoken language reinforces other key expertise such as reading and writing. Therefore, teachers must encourage continual development of student’s capabilities and confidence in relation to verbal language. This section of the assignment shall focus significantly
He found that children have a biological ability to detect phonology, syntax and semantics. Environmentally, children’s vocabularies are linked to family’s socioeconomic status. The child’s language is affected by the frequency of parents talking, child directed speech, and mother’s verbal response to infants. Language milestones are from 0-2 years. From birth children cry to communicate, at 2-4 months they coo, at 5 months they begin to understand words, at 6 they begin to babble, at 7-11 months they change from universal language to their specific language (their parents), from 8-12 months they use gestures to communicate, at 13 months the child’s first word is spoken, at 18 months vocabulary spurt starts, and from 18-24 the child uses two word utterances and understands words rapidly.
Yana is starting to attend a setting, however, she speaks little English (appendix one). This language barrier could affect Yana in all areas of development, particularly her social development as it will limit her verbal communication skills (Davies, 2011). As Yana has English as an additional language (EAL), she may find it difficult to communicate her basic needs with limited vocabulary- Schaffer (1926) views this as a crucial barrier as it will prevent practitioners from successfully meeting children’s needs (Schaffer, 2004). Schaffer (1926) believes that EAL is a barrier to learning, however, Vygotsky (1896) along with Chomsky (1928) believe that language is a skill that can be learnt (Graf & Birch, 2009). Therefore, if language is modelled by the practitioners then Yana should learn new words and soon form sentences which will support Yana in all areas of
The case of “Genie” is a tragic look at the effects of child abuse and neglect on childhood development. Genie’s case was particularly extreme, as she lived the first 13 years of her life in isolation and confinement. With little to no human interaction throughout her entire life, she developed no language skills. Researchers were extremely interested in this case, as it gave them a chance to explore two theories of language development. One theory is Noam Chomsky’s view that children are born with an innate ability to learn and understand language. Chomsky termed this structure in our brain the “Language Acquisition Device” (LAD). An alternate theory by Eric Lenneberg stated that language development is a result of our environment, and stressed the importance of critical periods. Lenneberg believed that the critical period for language development only lasted until around 12 years of age, and inability to develop language during these critical periods would result in major deficits.
Welcome to English Language Developme 3/4! My name is Jordan Cabahug, and this will be my fourth year teaching at SCCA. With your cooperation, I look forward to making this class as awesome as possible! The other sections of this syllabus are of all the information you need to be successful in my class this year (or to help your child be successful). Please read carefully because YOU are the one responsible for knowing what is expected of
First, children¡¯s acquisition of language is an innate mechanism that enables a child to analyze language and extract the basic rules of grammar, granted by Chomsky. It basically states that humans are born with a language acquisition device that, the ability to learn a language rapidly as children. However, there is one important controversy in language acquisition concerns how we acquire language; since Chomsky fails to adequately explain individual differences. From the behaviorists¡¯ perspectives, the language is learned like other learned behaviors. It is learned through operant
Nature and nurture both play a significant role in language development. Language development refers to how children understand, organise, speak and use words in order to communicate at an effective, age-appropriate level (Karen Kearns, 2013, P.105). For centuries, theorists have been debating the roles of nature versus nurture. Although, each child’s language will develop at their own pace and there will be many individual differences based on culture, ethnicity, health and ability. As well as physical, social, emotional and cognitive development in which will contribute to a child’s language development.
The first 4 weeks of EDC 131 Language and Literacy for Teachers, touches on the importance of Language and Literacy, it’s history and how the digital age continues to influence and change its meaning. Language is not static; it is dynamic, functional and ever evolving. It is what sets Humans apart from other species in the animal kingdom, as it allows us to communicate wants, needs and desires to one another. Our individual understanding of language is predetermined by our past experiences, socio-economic status and cultural background. This individual understanding of language is then taken into group settings and the expectations of language can change again according to the social setting.
From a baby 's first word to their first complete sentence, there 's a lot to debate with their language development. The average child has a vocabulary of up to six-thousand words by the time they turn five years old (Brighthubcom, 2016). Language development is one of the most critical roles for an educator in both early childhood and primary settings. It is this ability of language development that is particularly interesting in the nature vs nurture debate. In order for educators to provide effective communication, it is important that they have the knowledge and understanding of the four key concepts of language, such as phonological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic development and the underlying theoretical perspectives that explain the processes of language acquisition and development.
There are several theories regarding language development. Work by Chomsky, Piaget and Kuhl are critical. Studies by Chomsky, as examined by Albery, Chandler, Field, Jones, Messer, Moore and Sterling (2009); Deloache, Eisenberg & Siegler (2003) argued for the innateness of language acquisition due to its complexity. Development is assisted by a language acquisition device (LAD) and universal grammar both of which holding the propensity for commonalities throughout all languages. LAD is the key to the Syntax rule. The knowledge to master the rules is held unconsciously. Chomsky concludes exposure through auditory channels as being the only requirement for learning. Arguably Kuhl (2010) writes infantile exposure to language through auditory channels only, does not contribute effectively to learning indicating the importance of human interaction. Piaget, as discussed by Ault (1977) postulated language as not being part of the earliest stages of development. Signifying within sensorimotor stage, between birth and two years, the child’s development is too reflexive. Gleitman, Fridlund and Reisberg (2004) discuss the critical period hypothesis and suggest the young brain being more suited to acquisition than the adult brain. Lenneberg (1967) (as cited in Gleitman et al 2004) advocates, brain maturation closes language acquisition capacity window. Kuhl (2010) identified, within the critical period babies develop
From the reading of chapter 3 there were many different topics that were discussed. The main topics were socialization, norms, and roles. But the topics that I found most interesting to me were language acquisition, societal differences in roles and culture, and culture shock.
However, it can be argued with (Bruner 1964) that social interaction doesn’t explain all the complexities of language acquisition. Almost every day the language we hear is often incorrect, poorly defined, incomplete and full of hesitations, mispronunciations and other errors, and yet despite this we still learn to talk following the correct grammatical rules. Again this indicates the idea of Chomsky’s (1968) LAD model that children are born ‘hard-wired’ with the innate knowledge of linguistic rules and so these rules help the baby make estimations and presumptions about the language it is hearing. From these estimations and presumption the child can work out grammatical sets of rules and when more language is exposed to them, the more their language develops. Even within Chomsky’s (1968) LAD theory, undoubtedly he believed the role and promotion of the ‘nature’ aspect is the core foundation on which language can develop. But his theory also requires the role of nurture
Numerous theories try to explain the process of language acquisition. These theories fall into one of two camps. The environmentalist (or connectionist) theory of language acquisition asserts that language is acquired through environmental factors (Halvaei et al. 811). Theorists in this camp believe that a child learns language by gaining information from the outside world and then forming associations between words and objects. The nativist (or rationalist) approach, on the other hand, asserts that it is innate factors that determine language acquisition. Noam Chomsky, often described as “the father of modern linguistics”, falls into this camp as he believes that speech is the result of hidden rules of language that are hidden somewhere in the brain (Rahmani and Abdolmanafi 2111). Steven Pinker, a colleague of Chomsky, is a renowned psychologist, cognitive scientist and linguist who discusses his own theories on language acquisition in his book Words and Rules.