Superconductivity Essay

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Conductor – conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of electrical current in one or more directions. The electrons move easily to the other side, away from the object

One day while he was dissecting a frog hanging from a copper wire Equality 7-2521 was able to find the power of electricity which he called The Box of Glass which at that time he was exploring in his tunnel

In order to observe quantum mechanical effects in a gas, we have to reduce the temperature drastically. Roughly, we can calculate this temperature by demanding that the thermal deBroglie wavelength has to become equal to the mean particle distance $\lambda\approx10\,\,\textrm{nm}$ $\Rightarrow T=\frac{\hbar^{2}}{3mk_{\text{B}}\left(10\,\,\textrm{nm}\right)^{2}}\approx0.002\,\,\textrm{K}$. % }, hence, as a matter of fact, the atomic BECs are the coldest objects existing in labs. BEC's creation became only possible after the development of appropriate experimental techniques needed to reach the necessary ultra-low temperatures. Mainly, we can divide the cooling procedure of atoms into main steps, \textbf{First}:- the method of laser cooling is applied to the gas loaded into a magneto-optical trap, this method was rewarded with the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1997 \cite{RevModPhys.70.685,RevModPhys.70.707,RevModPhys.70.721}, this method makes it possible to create a moderately cool state, at temperature $\sim100\,\,\mu\textrm{K}$. \textbf{Second}:- this step undergoes forced evaporative cooling, losing $\sim90\%$ of atoms, and the remaining atomic cloud spontaneously forms the

Introduction: Voltage can be thought of as the pressure pushing charges along a conductor, while the electrical resistance of a conductor is a measure of how difficult it is to push the charges along. Using the flow analogy, electrical resistance is similar to friction. For water flowing through a pipe, a long narrow pipe provides more resistance to the flow than does a short fat pipe. The same applies for flowing currents: long thin wires provide more resistance than do short thick wires. The resistance (R) of a material depends on its length, cross-sectional area, and the resistivity (the Greek letter rho), a number that depends on the material. The resistivity

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Today we know the electrical fluid to be electrons. Franklin was the first to write that electric charge and be collected not created. The law of Conservation of Electric Charge means that you can neither create nor destroy electric charge. In 1752, his most famous works were brought out such as proof that lightning is electricity. In 1753, Franklin received the Copley Medal from Britain’s Royal Society, which was the equivalent of a modern Nobel Prize. Franklin also invented the lightning rod, which we still use today, it has saved countless lives. He and John Hadley investigated the refrigeration principle. Because of this, we now know the reason of the refrigeration

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Thanks to him, the university received Canada’s first betatron in 1948. The betatron made use of magnets to speed up electrons to an energy level of 25-million electron volts. This created powerful X-rays that had the ability to be used for cancer treatment, however extensive usage of the machine was impossible due to the fact that it was too costly, and the X-rays it composed weren't always powerful enough to reach tumors that were deep inside of the

There are 3 types of metals for electricity conducting: metallic conductor, semiconductor, and superconductor. Metallic conductors allow the free flow of ions and electrons through a sample; and its conductivity decreases as the temperature increases.

and a much lower superconducting transition temperature TC relative to the β phase: ca. 0.015 K vs. 1–4 K; mixing the two phases allows obtaining intermediate TC values. The TC value can also be raised by alloying tungsten with another metal . Such tungsten alloys are sometimes used in low-temperature superconducting circuits.

Magnetism has long been one of the great mysteries of the world. It has gone

The Drude model can explain the Thermal Conductivity in metals and Electrical Conductivity of metals.

In the early 1900's a duch physicist by the name of Heike Kammerlingh Onnes (pictured above), discovered superconductivity. Before his discovery, Onnes had spent most of his scientific career studying extreme cold. The first step he took toward superconductivity was on July 10, 1908 when he liquified helium and cooled it to an astonishing 4 K, which is roughly the temperature of the background radiation in open space. Using this liquid helium, Onnes began experimenting with other materials and their properties when subjected to intense cold. In 1911, he began his research on the electrical properties of these same materials. It was known to Onnes that as materials, particularly metals, cooled, they exhibited less and less resistance. Bringing a mercury wire to as close to absolute zero as possible, Onnes observed that as the temperature dropped, so to did the resistance, until 4.2 K was reached. There resistance vanished and current flowed through the wire unhindered. Below is an approximate graph displaying resistance as a function of temperature for the experiment Onnes conducted with mercury:

Now we will move onto other materials that are involved with electronics. The next group of materials that will be discussed are insulators. An insulator is a material that does not conduct electricity at all but will resist or stop it from traveling further. An insulating atom has eight electrons in its valance shell which makes this shell complete. Eight is the most electrons that any atoms can have in their valance shell this is why these are called insulators, no more electrons can fit in the valance shell of these atoms.