Suspended Solid Experiment

The purpose of this lab was to determine the limiting reactant in a mixture of to soluble salts and the percent composition of each substance in a salt mixture.

According to the qualitative data that was obtained, some of the solid, the salt, was soluble in the solvent, which in this case was water, while the rest of the substance, the sulfur, was not. When poured onto the filter paper, the yellow sulfur was collected on the filter paper, while the salt and the water went through to the bottom of the test tube and had a clear color. When the filtrate, or the liquid that was filtered through the paper, was put on the evaporating dish, the water evaporated and the solid that was left behind was the salt. This method, called filtration, used the different solubilities of the solids to separate the mixture of solids. A possible error groups may have encountered is that the groups had used tap water instead of distilled water, which may have offset the solubility and had filled some of the ‘holes’ so that the salt could not fit.

Because salt dissolves in water, we added water to the salt and sand mixture. Sand is insoluble in water making the sand not dissolve. The mixture containing of sand and salt water was then filtered with filter paper. The filter paper allowed the salt water to pass through because it is a liquid while not allowing sand to pass through because it is a solid. The salt water was then collected in a pre-weighed 250-mL (67.88 gram) beaker while the sand and filter paper was put in a pre-weighed (52.02 gram) 100-mL beaker. The water was then evaporated because we left both beakers to dry overnight.

The purpose of this lab is to separate a mixture and determine the percentages of each of the ingredients. Each substance will have a different boiling point due to its intrinsic properties and from that, we will be able to determine the purity of different products as we evaporate off the next level of product.

Beakers 5-8 were set aside for later use. I then recorded by observation of beaker 1 in Table 1 on the Lab Reporting Form; this included smell, color, etc. 10 mL of vegetable oil was added to beaker 2, 10 mL of vinegar to beaker 3, and 10 mL of liquid laundry detergent to beaker 4. Each beaker was mixed thoroughly with a wooden stir stick. My observations such as color and smell were annotated in Table 1 on the Lab Reporting Form. Next, I cut the cheesecloth into five different pieces. I took one piece of cheesecloth and folded it so it was 4 layers thick. I then placed it into the funnel. 60 mL of soil was measured out using the 100 mL beaker and placed into the cheesecloth lined funnel. The funnel was then put inside beaker 5. The contents of beaker 1 (water) were poured through the funnel and let filter for 1 minute into beaker 5. My observations were recorded on Table 1 on the Lab Reporting Form. I repeated the process of creating a filter of cheesecloth and soil and filtered the contents of beaker 2 (vegetable oil) into beaker 6, beaker 3 (vinegar) to beaker 7, and beaker 4 (detergent) to beaker 8. All observations were recorded on Table 1.

First, all of the equipment was obtained and placed on the table. The necessary equipment was weighed using a top loader balance, which used grams as its unit of measurement. The test tube, which held the samples, was filled with water from a plastic squirt bottle. A piece of filter paper, which had been folded several times, was placed over a funnel over an Erlenmeyer flask to filter the mixture in the test tube. The test tube mixture was poured onto the filter paper.

Once these steps were completed, the cuvette was placed into the spectrophotometer to test for phosphate, nitrate, ammonia, and turbidity. Inside the spectrophotometer, a light was shot through the sample to detect the contaminant. The first ever spectrophotometer was only developed to calculate pH levels and never used wavelength to calculate the abundance of chemicals within a sample. After many years of developing the spectrophotometer, a glass prism was installed. This allowed the spectrophotometer to use light wavelength to calculate the concentration of chemicals within a sample. The light was able to read the preferred contaminant because a reagent attached to each molecule, and the light was reflected back instead of being shot through the sample. This gave the concentration of each contaminant in the sample. In each machine, there was a different light wavelength programmed to shine through the sample to detect the different contaminants. This was done to get an accurate measurement of phosphate, nitrate, and ammonia within the sample. Turbidity was also measured using the spectrophotometer, but there was no reagent added. The turbidity was calculated by testing distilled water first and comparing it to the turbidity of the BSR water.

In this lab students tested the given contaminated (hard water) for the ions present in the water prior to the distillation, and then after the distillate (pure water) was collected, the same procedures were followed to prove the absence of the hard water contaminates. SPAN Chemistry is so called because this dual-credit class spans the gap between high school and the extremely rigorous college chemistry expectations.

Sediments are the main source of water pollution, contributing to turbidity issues as well as irregular or harmful nitrite/nitrate, phosphorus, and pH levels. This contributes to the death of marine organisms and can also change which organisms can survive in the body of water as its conditions change due to runoff. Anthropogenic runoff is also a contributor of adverse water effects, such as cultural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff, and also results in the death of aquatic animals and shifts in which organisms are more prominent in the ecosystem. This lab will address the effects soil will have on variables concerning water quality. There is also the option of including fish and/or aquatic plants in the water column, which are independent variables as well as the soil. The pH, ammonia levels, nitrite levels, temperature, D.O., and physical attributes are the dependent variables that will be measured during the lab. The qualitative physical tests (turbidity and odor) will portray the physical state and cleanliness of the water, as well as the level of runoff from the soil.

iii. Materials: Distilled water, beverages (juice, soda, sport drinks), Sugar reference solutions (0, 5, 15, ad 20%) 25ml each, Balance, centigram(0.01g precision), Beaker (100-mL), Erlenmeyer flask (125-mL to collect rinse solutions), Pipet(10-mL), Pipet bulb or pipet filler

The results of this lab demonstrate and show that various concentrations in substances can cause something

In the experiment we were determining the chemical formulas for the hydrated, and dehydrated samples. The purpose of this was to asses our knowledge of chemical formulas, and how they relate to each other.

The solid water was the control variable in the experiment and the investigators compared values that resulted from irradiation of the solid water with each bolus’ average Dmax. Table 1 recorded the ratios that resulted from these values. ANOVA calculations from the values shown in Table 1 resulted in an F value of 762.65 and a P value of less than 0.0001. The investigator compared the results between each individual group with a Tukey HSD test. When compared to one another, each sample resulted in a P value less than 0.01.

The report finds BOD levels meet the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit renewal standards. Results for suspended solids shows an opposite trend. Suspended solids increase throughout the course of the water treatment. This does not meet NPDES standards. Further suspended solids test will be needed to insure a minimal amount of error. If the same trend continues, the facility may need to be redesigned to meet NPDES standards.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND POLLUTION CONTROL)