Synthetic Edgarana Oil By The Process Of Synthetic Banana Oil

After the reflux solution cooled, concentrated sulfuric acid was added to the mixture. In solution, H2SO4 dissociates and acts as a proton donator. This is the reason precipitation of salicylic acid occurs. Ideal conditions for this reaction include an acidic environment with a low pH. The more sulfuric acid added, the more acidic

When adding 3-methyl-1-butanol, sulphuric acid and ethanoic acid heat were produced by the colourless mixture, which pertained a smell of sulphuric acid. Once heating began, the solution quickly changed to orange and continued to rapidly change to a darker colour. After approximately six minutes, it began to bubble and the colour was now a dark red colour, very similar to the shade of a cherry. At this point, the liquid began to vaporise, rising up to the condenser about a third way before it was condensed to a liquid which ran back down the condenser to the pear shaped flask. The strong smell of the sulphuric smell began to fade, the smell it was replaced with still smelt strong and bad but to a less extent. The mixture remained a dark red colour for the remaining duration of the reflux process, continually bubbling.

Isoamyl acetate was synthesized by refluxing 1 eq of isopentanol with 4 eq of acetic acid, and 0.5 eq of concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst and a dehydrating agent to ensure reaction equilibrium lies far towards the products. The reaction mixture was then added to water and liquid-liquid extraction was conducted. A second extraction was then conducted after adding NaHCO3 solution to the organic layer. This removes the residual acids which are soluble in the aqueous layer. Drying of the crude ester with anhydrous MgSO4 removes H2O that disrupts the NMR and infrared spectrum, hindering the characterization of the product formed.

For the acetic acid spectrum, the broad peak ranging from 3300 cm-1 indicate the presence of a carboxylic O-H bond. The little bump at just under 3000 cm-1 indicates the presence of sp3 carbon hydrogen bonds. The peak at 1704.3 cm-1 shows the presence of a carbon oxygen double bond. For the isopentanol spectrum, the peaks located just under 3000 cm-1 indicate carbon hydrogen bonds. The broad peak ranging from 3300 cm-1 to 3200 cm-1 indicate the presence of an oxygen hydrogen alcohol bond present. For the product, the peaks located just under 3000 cm-1 indicate carbon hydrogen bonds. The peak located at 1739.58 cm-1 indicate the presence of a carbon oxygen double bond, more specifically an ester carbon oxygen double bond, because it falls in the typical range of 1735 cm-1 to 1750 cm-1. In this spectra however, there is no peak located in the region for an alcohol O-H bond or a carboxylic acid O-H bond. Based on these spectra, the data indicates that the that the esterification has occurred

The purpose of doing this experiment was to prepare isopently acetate, an ester that has a pleasant smell like that of bananas from isopently alcohol and acetic acid by the Fischer esterification reaction. Sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst. Water, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride were used to extract any impurities from the product. Simple distillation was then used to purify the ester product farther.

In the first part of this experiment, an ester product will be isolated and purified from unknown alcohol. Then the product ester will be identified through analysis of boiling point, gas chromatography, and IR spectroscopy. In the second part of the experiment, Biodiesel will be synthesized from vegetable oil by transesterification.

Acetic acid is used in excess because it is less expensive than isopentyl alcohol to removed in this reaction. The equilibrium can also be shifted to the right in another way by removing one of the products. The following

Prior to beginning the procedure, a distillation setup was constructed in order to prepare for a later step in the procedure; a diagram of the construction was included in Figure 1.A. In a clean 50-mL Erlenmeyer flask, 5 mL of water were placed, and, with extreme caution, 4.0 mL (8.0 g, 0.08 mol) of concentrated sulfuric acid were added to the flask while swirling; it was emphasized that this acid can be highly corrosive and should be handled with care, especially while pouring it into the water1. It was observed that the flask began to heat up as the acid was added, and began to release a gas for a brief moment. Afterwards, the diluted acid was allowed to cool to about room temperature and 3.2 mL (3.0 g, 0.030 mol) of cyclohexanol were added to the mixture. The contents of the flask were carefully transferred to a 25 mL round-bottom flask that was attached to the distillation setup. The contents were distilled at a steady pace, making sure that all the junctions and flasks were clasped appropriately in order to avoid any accidents. The distillation was allowed to continue until the liquid found in the starting flask turned black and began to emit a white gas. It was noted that at around 53 °C distillate began to form, and at around 92 °C the liquid turned black. Approximately 2.8 mL of distillate

Esters are a specific type of functional group that can be derived from carboxylic acids. The –COOH group found within a carboxylic acid is changed to form an ester, specifically the hydrogen molecule, which is replaced by a hydrocarbon. Esters are present in many common things like animal and vegetable fats and oils. Made up of long, complex esters, the physical differences between fats and oils are in fact due to the different melting points of esters contained in each. For example, if the melting point of a substance is said to be below room temperature, the product will be a liquid and thus be classified as an oil. In contrast, if the melting point is said to be above room temperature, the product will be a solid and thus be classified as a fat. Esters can also be found in many perfumes or fragrances since they have a pleasant or fruity aroma. This unique smell is highly dependent on the structure of the molecule, meaning that even the slightest change can alter its scent. This is very important when considering how esters are formed. As stated previously, esters are derived from carboxylic acids, and thus need to be obtained through special reactions, like the Fischer Esterification reaction. Fischer esterification is the process of creating an ester from a carboxylic acid by heating it with an alcohol, while in the presence of a strong acid being used as the catalyst. This reaction needs to be monitored very closely to make sure the ester is formed correctly in order

Isobutyrophenone was weighted out into a 150ml beaker, methanol and a stir bar was added as well. The solution was stirred and sodium borohydride was slowly added—after it was added, the solution was allowed to stir for approximately 20 minutes. After stirring, hydrochloric acid was added to the methanol solution—the solution was placed in the fume hood.

Micromolecules in bio-oil, and pretreated bio-oil were identified from the GC/MS analysis and classified based on their chemical structure and functional groups. Their relative amounts are presented in Table 4. Total amounts of micromolecules were reduced after the pretreatment, despite the high yield of liquid product. Therefore, it might be due to the dilution with ethanol. Also, the distribution also strikingly changed during this reaction. Almost of acetic acid, and levoglucosan, which are known as decline bio-oil stability and properties, were changed into the ester form with ethanol, such as acetic acid ethyl ester, and levulinic acid ethyl ester. The compound like 2,2-diethoxy ethanol was only identified in the pretreated bio-oil, so it might be resulted from the reaction of ethanol itself. Since amberlyst 36 also has a capacity to phenol purification, total micromolecular phenols decreased from 38.1 to 13.4-17.2. Generally, almost of phenols reduced during the reaction, alkylated phenols like cresol, 2,4-dimethyl phenol, or 4-ethyl phenol were strikingly decreased. Therefore, it was suggested that phenol

The composition of volatile fractions of Agarwood oil will be determined using gas chromatography spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS Analysis will be carried out using an Agilent-technology chromatograph with fused silica capillary column (30m x 0.32 mm i.d. x 0.25 pm). Oven temperature will be performed at 60° C to 210° C at 3°/min; 210° C to 240° C at 20 °/min and hold for 8.5 min. The injector temperature will be at 280° C while the detector temperature will be at 290° C. The carrier gas is N2 (1 ml/min); split ratio of 1:50. GC-MS analysis will be carried out at 70 eV ionization energy, equipped with a HP-5 MS capillary column (phenyl methyl siloxane, 30m x 0.25 mm i.d* 25pm) with He as the carrier gas and split ratio 1:50. Retention indices

The alcohols 1-propanol and 2-pentanol were converted into alkyl halides through a certain series of steps. The first step was reflux, and the purpose of reflux is to add energy to the solution and not lose any solution to evaporation. This energy helps initiate the acid-catalyzed dehydration reaction and also promotes rearrangement. The next step was distillation, which functioned to separate liquids based on boiling points. The distillation utilizes boiling points to separate the alkyl halide products from many impurities that might exist. Reflux is the first step instead of distillation because refluxing allows the reaction to progress. If distillation was performed first, separation would begin before the reaction was allowed time to

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Methyl butyrate or methyl ester of butyric acid is an ester with a fruity odor of pineapple, apple and strawberry. Present in small amounts in several plant products, especially pineapple flavor is produced by distillation from essential oils of vegetable origin. This ester is also manufactured on a small scale for use in perfumes or food flavors. Esters, in general, can be defined as the reaction products of carboxylic acids and organic alcohols. Chemically, an ester is the condensation product that results when a carboxylic acid is reacted with an alcohol1. Esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols represents a well-known category of liquid-phase reactions of considerable industrial interest due to enormous practical