Discussion Isoamyl acetate was synthesized by refluxing 1 eq of isopentanol with 4 eq of acetic acid, and 0.5 eq of concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst and a dehydrating agent to ensure reaction equilibrium lies far towards the products. The reaction mixture was then added to water and liquid-liquid extraction was conducted. A second extraction was then conducted after adding NaHCO3 solution to the organic layer. This removes the residual acids which are soluble in the aqueous layer. Drying of the crude ester with anhydrous MgSO4 removes H2O that disrupts the NMR and infrared spectrum, hindering the characterization of the product formed. 2.08g of isoamyl acetate was obtained with a percentage yield of 40.4%. This low yield is due to firstly, the theoretical yield of the synthesis is around 80%1 as Fischer esterification being a reversible reaction, does not go to completion. Secondly, isoamyl acetate has a solubility in water of 2mg/ml 2, and thus some product is lost in the …show more content…
However, two anomalies were found in the NMR spectrum. Firstly, for Hc, we expect to see nine peaks for a triplet of a septet with similar 3J coupling constant, but we only see seven. However, the intensity of the 2 terminal peaks in a nonet were probably too small to be noticed. Secondly, the 2nd and 3rd peak from the right for Hc has a larger intensity than the centre peak. From the chemical shift of 1.65ppm, it is most probably water which has a chemical shift of 1.58ppm in CDCl3 3 that overlaps with the 2 peaks, increasing their intensity. As CDCl3 is volatile, the solvent at the dispenser tip evaporates, causing water to condense on the cold tip. Therefore, water may also be dispensed into the NMR tube. The product does not contain significant traces of water as peaks corresponding to the stretching (3750cm-1) and bending (1600cm-1) of H2O were not found in the infrared
The objective of this lab was to create a ketone through an oxidation reaction using a using a secondary alcohol and oxidizing agent in order to use that ketone in a reduction reaction with a specific reducing agent to determine the affect of that reducing agent on the diastereoselectivity of the product. In the first part of this experiment, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol was reacted with NaOCl, an oxidizing agent, and acetic acid to form 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone. In the second part of this experiment, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone was reacted with a reducing agent, either NaBH4 in EtOH or Al(OiPr)3 in iPrOH, to form the product 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol. 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the cis:trans ratio of the OH relative to the tert-butyl group in the product formed from the reduction reaction with each reducing agent. Thin-layer chromatography was used in both the oxidation and reduction steps to ensure that each reaction ran to completion.
The design of this experiment aimed to synthesize 2-methylphenoxyacetic acid from 2-methylphenol and sodium chloroacetate by means on phenol alkylation. 2-Methylphenoxyacetic acid has been used to control the growth in plants and exemplifies a product of synthesis as it is a complex molecule constructed from two simple molecules. This synthesis proceeds by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, more specifically, via SN2 mechanism (see below). An SN2 mechanism's reactants are a nucleophile and a good leaving group (usually a halide ion). Once the crude product is obtained, it is purified by recrystallization with water and collected.
When the red Co(NO3)2*6H2O crystal was added to the white NH4 crystal, and water was added to dissolve, the solution turned blue in color. As the solution was nixed, the color changed to that of a blue-purple and a blue precipitate formed. When the 6 M NH3 began to be added, the color shifted to dark purple color after 15 mL of ammonia and the amount of the precipitate was less. After 20 mL of ammonia, the solution became a red brown with very little of the blue precipitate. After 30 mL of ammonia, the solution was similar in color to an iodine solution, a dark brown-red, almost black in color. At this point there was no visible precipitate on the surface of the solution. After 40 mL of the ammonia had been added, the solution was the same iodine like color as before. When closely examined, there was a black precipitate that had settled on the bottom of the beaker. At this point, hydrogen peroxide, 3% H2O2, was added to solution. After 4 mL of the H2O2 was added, the solution was the same color and the precipitate had not changes. After 8 mL of the H2O2, there was not noticeable change. After 12 mL of the H2O2, the solution was slightly redder in color but the precipitate had not changed. After 15 mL of H2O2, the solution was the same color and no changes had occurred to the precipitate. At 17 mL, the solution began to effervesce slightly, though there
After 10 minutes the reaction liquid was separated from the solid using a vacuum filtration system and toluene. The product was stored and dried until week 2 of the experiment. The product was weighed to be 0.31 g. Percent yield was calculated to be 38.75%. IR spectra data was conducted for the two starting materials and of the product. Melting point determination was performed on the product and proton NMR spectrum was given. The IR spectrum revealed peaks at 1720 cm-1, which indicated the presence of a lactone group, and 1730 cm-1, representing a functional group of a carboxylic acid (C=O), and 3300cm-1, indicating the presence of an alcohol group (O-H). All three peaks correspond with the desired product. A second TLC using the same mobile and stationary phase as the first was performed and revealed Rf Values of 0.17 and 0.43for the product. The first value was unique to the product indicating that the Diels-Alder reaction was successful. The other Rf value of 0.43 matched that of maleic anhydride indicating some
Using SN1 reaction mechanism with hydrochloric acid, t-Pentyl alcohol was converted to t-Pentyl chloride in an acid catalyzed reaction. The reaction took place in a separatory funnel designed to separate immiscible liquids. The crude product was extracted by transferring a solute from one solvent to another. The process of washing the solutions by phase transfer was used in order to remove impurities from the main solvent layer. Finally, the crude product was dried with anhydrous Calcium chloride and purified once more by simple distillation technique.
The product that was obtained from the experiment was analyzed by weighing the product, obtaining melting point range and an IR spectrum. An NMR spectrum was unable to be obtained. The mass of the product was .4162 grams, with a precent yield of 17.34%. The low percent yield can be The melting point range that is expected from 4-cyclohexene-cis-dicarboxylic anhydride is 101-103°C. The actual range that was obtained from the melting point test was 82.9-93.2°C.
The purpose of this lab was to carry out a dehydration reaction of 2-methylcyclohexanol by heating it in the presence of phosphoric acid and determining which alkene product would be the major product. Methylcyclohexanols were dehydrated in an 85% phosphoric acid mixture to yield the minor and major alkene product by elimination reaction, specifically E1. The alkenes were distilled to separate the major and minor products and gas chromatography was used to analyze the results and accuracy of the experiment. The hypothesis was the major product of the reaction would be the most substituted product. This conclusion was made because of
Reaction 1 involved a primary alcohol (OH), weak leaving group in the starting material and a reaction with a strong nucleophile (sodium bromide) and a polar protic solvent (sulfuric acid). The reaction was carried out through reflux and the product had a relatively high yield (75%) (Scheme 1).
In this experiment, the main objective was to synthesize a ketone from borneol via an oxidation reaction and secondly, to produce a secondary alcohol from camphor via a reduction reaction. Therefore, the hypothesis of this lab is that camphor will be produced in the oxidation reaction and isoborneol will be the product of the reduction reaction because of steric hindrance. For the oxidation step, a reflux will be done and then a microscale reflux for the reduction step. The products will be confirmed using Infrared spectroscopy, the chromic acid test, 2,4-DNP test and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results of this
The dehydration of 2-methyl-2-butanol was performed using sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid in order to synthesize alkene products 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene. After carrying out steam distillation to isolate the organic alkenes from aqueous components within the reaction mixture, the purity and characterization of the products were then assessed through various analytical methods including Gas Chromatography (GC), Infrared Radiation (IR) Spectroscopy, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Imaging. Through the characterization of the final products, it was found that little impurities remained in the final reaction solution and according to the GC, no alcohol remained in the vial after the reaction was complete. The actual yield
Dispense .5 mL water into the already weighed conical vial, replace cap and face insert on its down side.
Purpose: The purpose of the experiment was to perform the acid-catalyzed Fischer Esterification of acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol to form isopentyl acetate, or banana oil, which is used in flavor industries. The equilibrium of the reaction was changed by adding an excess amount of acetic acid. The reaction was refluxed and product was purified by extraction and distillation. Isopentyl acetate was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Before the start of the experiment, the theoretical yield was to be calculated. First, the limiting reagent was determined from the reagents by comparing the amount of moles. Among the three reagents involved in this experiment - camphor, sodium borohydride, and methanol, camphor was found to be the limiting reagent. The moles of camphor was less than the combined moles of the other two reagents. The theoretical yield, which is the amount of product that could be possibly produced after the completion of a reaction (“Calculating Theoretical and Percent Yield”), was found to be 0.25 g. Once the product was achieved, a percent yield of 97% was determined. As a result, the reduction of camphor to isoborneol was successful.
An ester was synthesized during an organic reaction and identified by IR spectroscopy and boiling point. Acetic acid was added to 4-methyl-2-pentanol, which was catalyzed by sulfuric acid. This produced the desired ester and water. After the ester was isolated a percent yield of 55.1% was calculated from the 0.872 g of ester recovered. This quantitative error was most likely due to product getting stuck in the apparatus. The boiling point of the ester was 143° C, only one degree off from the theoretical boiling point of the ester 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 144 ° C. The values of the
In this experiment, a Fischer Esterification reaction was performed with two unknown compounds. The unknown compounds, Acid 2 and Alcohol D, were identified by using the knowledge of the reaction that took place, and the identity of the product that was synthesized. The identification of the product resulted from analysis of IR and NMR spectra.