Tbi Case Studies

Attention for traumatic brain injury has grown over the years and programs have been created to help try and prevent the injuries. As this is an injury to the brain the literature is vast with insight into what part of the brain injured resulted in what change in the individual. Children and athletics have been the main focus in recent years for studies as research have shown that undiagnosed injuries can have long lasting effects.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has affected many people, but has hardly raised awareness; in fact according to Marcia Clemmitt “About 1.7 million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year…Yet, while they affect so many people, TBI has received little medical-research funding until brain injuries from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan … began to mount in recent years.”(Clemmitt) For such a long time many people were unaware of what traumatic brain injury even meant; Up until a numerous groups of veterans that came back home, from Afghanistan were found to suffer from traumatic brain injuries. Due to the discovery, the people that already suffered from traumatic brain injury

In the last few years emerged the awareness of mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs) injuries among young athletes and young military personnel 18 to 21 years of age. The research shows that multiple incidents of TBIs are going underreported, undetected, and poorly managed. Much of the problems arise due to current athletic culture and violent behavior during games. Mild TBIs have significantly more dangerous and long term consequences than previously thought. Diagnosis, imaging techniques, and treatments for mild TBIs are not strictly defined and are still in development. The knowledge and awareness of mild TBI’s symptoms are not widely spread. Preventive techniques of TBIs are not fully developed.

“Traumatic brain injury can result in longterm or lifelong physical, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional consequences” (US Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1998).

The individuals impacted the most by a traumatic brain injury are newborns to 4 years old, young adults 15-24 and elderly age 75 and older. (Solomons, Saltsman & Jamieson) ( January 3,2017 Placitella, C ) A traumatic brain injury can be classified into three different groups mild, moderate and severe. A mild patient may lose consciousness, typically for a few seconds or a few minutes. A moderate patient can lose consciousness for 1-24 hours. A severe patient can lose consciousness or be in a coma for more than 24 hours. It can also be put into subcategories coma, vegetative state, persistent vegetative state, and minimally responsive

A traumatic brain injury also known as a TBI is an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects educational performance. The term applies to mild, moderate, or severe, open or closed head injuries resulting in impairments in one or more areas. (Florida Dept. of Education 2015) Although I have never met anyone with a brain injury, I wanted to learn more about it and what they go through to get a better perspective. One of my favorite movies is 50 First Dates with Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore. He meets a girl who had been in a car accident with her father years before and suffers from memory loss. Every day she re-lives her day the same as before and every night it’s almost like her short term memory has been erased. She only remembers what happened right before her accident. Until she meets a man who changes all of that. As the movie goes on, they fall in love and every day she wakes up to watch a video to show what her life is like now. During the movie she meets a man named “10 second Tom” who could only remember things for 10 seconds. It really opened my eyes to how blessed we are to remember the little things. A TBI can affect everyone differently. It can cause you to lose short term memory, long term, affect other parts of your body, and you might not

In their article, Depression and Cognitive Complaints Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Dr. Silver, Dr. McAllister, and Dr. Arciniegas (2009) states that “Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common occurrence with multiple possible neuropsychiatric sequelae, including problems with cognition, emotion, and behavior.” A traumatic brain injury is a physiological disruption of brain function due to the application of external physical force, including acceleration/deceleration forces. Neuropsychiatric sequelae, a term used to describe a cluster of post-TBI symptoms to include: cognitive, emotional, behavioral, physical, and psychosocial problems, is a significant source of disability in TBI survivors and their families. This review will examine symptoms of depression and cognitive impairment in individuals that have experienced a mild TBI, as well as the clinical approach to treating such people (Silver, McAllister, & Arciniegas, 2009).

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) has continually garnered concern from the public. Effects of a TBI range from headaches to loss of motor functions in more severe cases. Normally when one hears that term, their first thought is about military personnel in a war zone. Now, that is definitely true; however, military personal are not the only ones who can receive a TBI. Anyone can suffer damage to the brain resulting in a TBI. A person’s head doesn’t even have to come into contact with another object for this to occur.

Nonetheless, prior to an intricate look at the impact on specific brain structures, it is important to understand a TBI, the levels of severity and the immediate implications on a neurological level. The most typical TBI is that of a closed head injury in which no penetration of the skull or brain occurs (Roberts, 2009). Still, impact to the head results in the skull usually hitting a surface as a result of incidents such as falls, accident, sports, assault or abuse (Roberts, 2009). Once a TBI has occurred, a classification of the injuries severity is assessed based on the immediate presentation of symptoms (Roberts, 2009). Mild, moderate and severe classifications are determined based on the presentation (or lack their of) of symptoms such as consciousness and functioning of mental and or sensory process (Roberts, 2009). At the level of the neuron, TBI can cause critical problems. In cases where brain tissue stretches or is sheared, the axon of a neuron becomes weakened due to the stretching, which can result in the

Traumatic Brain injury, or TBI, is a common, yet extremely dangerous, type of injury. “In 2010, about 2.5 million emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, or deaths were associated with TBI—either alone or in combination with other injuries—in the United States” (CDC). Traumatic Brain injury is usually defined as a violent shaking that occurs within the brain and it often occurs when there is a direct hit to the head or body. TBI “can affect motor, sensory, cognitive, and behavioral functioning” (AOTA), making daily tasks challenging or ultimately somewhat impossible. TBI’s are commonly classified by severity of the injury; mild being “a brief change in mental status or consciousness” and severe meaning

A TBI can be split into types of injuries, a primary injury and a secondary injury (Greve & Zink, 2009). A primary injury occurs at the time of mechanical force impacting the head. Injuries such as these can include concussions, contusions, intracranial haemorrhages, skull fractures, axonal injuries and brain tissue damage (Corrigan, Selassie & Orman, 2010). A secondary injury is an injury that occurs post-impact, usually showing signs and symptoms a few hours after the injury. These injuries can include loss of cell function, disruption of calcium homeostasis, ischaemic injuries and intracranial hypertension (Werner & Engelhard, 2007). There are very minimal treatments for a TBI, and injuries often remain permanent, requiring long-term medical support. The treatments that do exist are usually focused on reducing secondary effects as primary injures are generally too severe (Werner & Engelhard,

Traumatic Brain injury (TBI) is projected to be a significant cause of global disease burden by 2020; with an estimated 10 million people affected by TBI annually worldwide. A concussion is the most common form of TBI and is particularly prevalent among children and young adults. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported an annual estimated 1.6-3.8 million sports related TBI,

Nicolay Walz, Keith Yeates, H. Taylor, Terry Stancin, and Shari Wade examined the long term effects of TBI’s after 18 months after the injury occurred in children. 147 children were involved in the study between 3 to 6 years old; 85 children were diagnosed with orthopaedic injury (injuries and diseases within the musculoskeletal system), 43 children were diagnosed with moderate TBI, and 19 children were diagnosed with severe TBI. Results demonstrated that children who were diagnosed with both types of TBI’s performed worse than children diagnosed with orthopaedic injury though a variety of testing methods (Walz, N. C., Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Stancin, T. and Wade, S. L., 2012). Tests consisted of a narrative (reading of “The

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), or intracranial injury, is a medical diagnosis which refers to closed or penetrative damage to the brain that is caused by an external source. Every year, TBIs affect approximately 150-250 people in a population of 100,000 (León-Carrión, Domínguez-Morales, Martín, & Murillo-Cabezas, 2005). The leading causes of TBI are traffic accidents, work injuries, sports injuries, and extreme violence (León-Carrión et al., 2005). TBI is most often fatal when the cause is an injury due to the use of firearms, a traffic accident, or a long fall (León-Carrión et al., 2005). However, fatality rates and rates of occurrence differ in various countries due to

Traumatic Brain Injury is otherwise known as TBI. “Traumatic brain injury, a form of acquired brain injury, occurs when sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue” (NINDS, 2010). There are two main types of TBI, closed head injuries such as head hitting a windshield and penetrating head injuries such as a gunshot wound. As reported by the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation,” The severity of traumatic brain injuries is often assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale, with scores ranging from 3 to 15. The higher the score,