Testosterone Replacement Therapy

1. Based on the information provided about the regulation of testosterone secretion, propose a testable hypothesis to explain how trenbolone acetate caused Frank’s testicles to shrink.

Testosterone belongs to a class of male hormones called androgens that is vital for sexual and reproductive development. The National Institutes of Health regards “testosterone as the most important male hormone”(Rettner). Although the primary role of testosterone directly relates to males, women also produce testosterone at lower levels. Women’s total levels are about a “tenth to a twentieth of men’s levels”(Rettner). According to the Mayo Clinic, this hormone plays a role in sex drive, sperm production, fat distribution, red cell production, and maintenance of muscle strength and

MacLean et al. (2015) addresses the efficacy for the GnRH antagonist TAK-385, based on a three-part, placebo-controlled study. The study examined (n=176) healthy UK males, with the age range of 19 to 75 years old. The first part included the dose of TAK-385 20-mg tablets or a placebo. The 14-day part two included the daily dose of TAK-385 20-mg tablets or a placebo. The 28-day part three included the daily dose of TAK-385 20- or 80-mg or a placebo. In part 1, luteinizing hormone (LH) levels decreased, as well as serum testosterone levels. In part 2, with doses of at least 40 mg/d, LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels decreased and after multiple doses the mean testosterone levels dropped below the threshold for medical castration. In part 3, serum testosterone levels dropped most rapidly and medical castration was achieved. Doses greater than 80 mg/d of TAK-385 reduced the serum testosterone levels below castration levels. Conclusively, GnRH is a valid option for testosterone suppression and ultimately serves as an effective prostate cancer hormone therapy treatment.

""Speak to a doctor before taking a testosterone booster. High levels of testosterone may be harmful also, as too much testosterone can lead to heart disease, sleep apnea, an increase in breast size and more. With the right booster at the appropriate dose, men find they can counteract the effects of low testosterone, but only when used properly. If a medical professional determines low testosterone is the problem, be sure to check out TestoFuel. It's the top rated booster for this purpose," Wilson

Testosterone is a hormone in both men and women, but in greater extent in the men, testosterone is a chemical compound (C19H28O2) and is responsible for the characteristic of men such as, sexual characteristics/sexual organs, deepening of the voice, and facial and body hair. (Neil Schlager, Jayne Weisblatt, and David E. Newton 2006) Testosterone/Steroids has bodybuilding and masculinizing effect as well as treating a variety of medical conditions, like asthma, the steroid is used in a puffer, they can be used for anabolic or androgenic purposes and made for synthetic purposes making them illegal. (BROWER, K. J. 2001) Many athletes will use these to gain an advantage on competitors, with lean muscle and higher endurance, with many uses, there

Do you know what proper steroid use can do for you in sports? Steroids are a synthetic form of the male hormone testosterone and can help your body be the best that it can be and improve your game. Steroids have been used as early as 776 BC in the original Olympic Games by the ancient Greeks to enhance their performance. There are many different forms of this drug some you take by mouth and some you have to inject and when used responsibly there can be endless benefits, but when used irresponsibly the drug can cause serious damage to the body and in severe cases it can cause death. There are already many forms of legal steroids called test booster, this supplement boosts the testosterone levels in the body for muscle growth. Test boosters are much milder than actual steroids but they are still considered steroids. Steroids are great at speeding up the recovery of your muscles, it does this with the male hormone testosterone. Some of the steroids you can take by mouth are Anadrol, Anavar, Dianabol, Halotestin, and Primobolin. Some of the popular injectable steroids are Stanozolol, Enanthate, Propionate, and Cypionate. I think that steroids should be allowed in today 's sports only for the fact that it speeds up muscle recovery and muscle growth. An athlete 's career is short enough as it is, with the proper use of steroids it can help them recover from an injury faster that could possibly end their

Testosterone is a hormone that plays a vital role in men's health. Over time, or through various conditions, the testicular ability to produce testosterone levels declines, or fails, leaving men with lower than optimal testosterone levels. Testosterone gels for men, natural testosterone boosters, injections and patches are available to treat low levels.

Many athletes around the world such as Lance Armstrong, Alex Rodriguez and Marion Jones have confided in anabolic-androgenic steroids to gain muscle mass, as well as strength, however, there are countless negative side effects that come along with the need to be buff. Anabolic-androgen steroids are defined as synthetically produced alternatives of the naturally occurring male sex hormone testosterone. Anabolic relates to building muscle, and androgenic relates to amplified male sexual characteristics. While the goals of consuming this drug relates in larger muscle mass and augmented strength, side effects that occur from this lead to long-term effects that sometimes can end up deadly.

Prostate cancer is the one of the most lethal disease in the United Sates. The pattern of disease recurrence being the major cause of morbidity and mortality. In spite of recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of prostate cancer, the survival rate of men with this disease has remained relatively unchanged in over the decades. Since the Nobel prize winning discovery by Dr. Huggins and Dr. Hodges (Huggins C., 1941) androgen deprivation therapy is being used by over a half of a century as a primary treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Even though androgen deprivation therapy remains a palliative treatment which lasts around 2-3 years on average, and turn to hormone-refractory (androgen-independent) prostate cancer with castrate level of testosterone. However, studies from the Sawyers group and others found that castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPCs) remains on androgen receptor (AR) signaling which is reactivated despite low serum androgen levels and targeting the androgen receptor (AR)-signaling pathway remains a keystone of treatment.

Many male taking steroids may experience in shrinking of their testicles leading to reduced sperm count and infertility, baldness, development of male breast and in many cases increased rate of prostate cancer. Whereas women taking steroids may experience facial hair growth, changes in menstrual cycle, enlargement of clitoris and deepened voice. People using steroids while their adolescents have a high risk of permanent growth halt permanently through premature skeletal maturation and accelerated puberty

Most athletes who take steroids do so in a bid to push the performance competitive advantage ahead of their opponents continued usage of steroids results. Scandals involving steroid use by sports figures are frequent athletes appear willing to risk their health employment, and freedom to gain an “edge” on the competition. Such risk is not surprising given the large financial rewards often involved. The use of performance enhancing drugs is typically covert, thus well-done research showing the effects of anabolic steroids on athletes is rare. Yet testosterone treatment increases muscle, strength, body size and healing rate. These benefits however, are associated with many short-term and long terms risks.

According to Yavari (2009), conventionally, anabolic steroids were used to boost athletic performance and appearance by increasing muscle growth while decreasing fat. These steroids essentially raise androgenic testosterone levels within the body therefore, promoting faster muscle growth. However, today these performance enhancing drugs are no longer a preserve for bodybuilders and professional athletes. Instead they are widely by people across all age groups. Students from middle-school to high-school through to college students and adults continuously use steroids for recreational purposes.

The history of steroids used to promote and enhance muscle growth can be traced back to as early as the 1930’s. A group of scientists were able to create a synthetic form of testosterone to help treat men who unable to produce enough testosterone for normal growth and development. As early as World War II it was found that this synthetic form of testosterone was used to help weak and malnourished soldiers gain weight and improve performance and strength. After the war, athletes began to use steroids to enhance and improve performance in competitions. In the 1956 Olympics the Soviet Athletes performed at exceptionally high levels and excelled in sports. After learning that those Athletes were using testosterone, an American doctor, Dr. Zeigler created a more selective form of what we know as anabolic steroids. From that point until the early 1970’s, steroids became increasingly popular not only with Olympians, but with High School

Estrogen treatment: Estrogen-related drugs are sometimes used in hormonal therapy of men with prostate cancer. This treatment may cause a slight increase in breast cancer risk. However, this risk is small compared with the benefits of this treatment in slowing the growth of prostate cancer. Men taking high doses of

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is one of the treatment options that can help to relief some of the postmenopausal symptoms in women due to decreased estrogen, and progesterone, such as hot flushes, insomnia, and mood swing to mention but a few. Also, elderly men can benefit from increased testosterone and improved sexual function. However, increase in body fat index, reduced immunity and bone mineral density, and loss of muscle mass and strength are some of the physiological changes associated with declining hormonal level (Makinen & Huhtaniemi, 2011). Although hormone replacement therapy is beneficial to both men and women, but some comorbidities and adverse reactions/hypersensitivity from the drug might contraindicate its use. Alternatively, non-hormonal medication should be used to relief some of the signs and symptoms associated with the physiological changes.