Tetanus Vaccines: A Case Study

| |Use of aseptic technique for wound |Reduces the risk of pathogens to the |

According to Reeve et al. (2015), one of the most frequently performed procedures in the emergency department is wound cleansing of acute lacerations. The goal of cleaning a

Management of post- surgical wounds. Performed several procedures including suture placements, drain placements/removals, wound dressings, e.t.c

NATA states that “woven and nonwoven gauze for clinically infected abrasions, avulsions, blisters, incisions, lacerations, or punctures. Woven, nonwoven, and impregnated gauze for puncture wounds that have cavities. Wound-closure strips with superficial, linear lacerations and postoperative incisions under minimal static and dynamic tension. Woven gauze with superficial to full-thickness abrasions, avulsions, blisters, incisions, and lacerations to achieve wet-to-moist debridement. Woven and non-woven gauze, non-adherent pads, and adhesive strips or patches for superficial to partial thickness abrasions, avulsions, and blisters and superficial-thickness incisions, lacerations, and punctures as a temporary dressing and on irregular body surfaces.” Once the dressing is completed, it is important to observe the wound for any signs of infection such as fever, foul-smelling wound drainage, swelling, redness, warmth and delayed wound healing. According to the NATA’s position statement, “the patient should be monitored for the development of adverse reactions stemming from the use of some cleansing solutions, topical antimicrobial agents, and non-occlusive and occlusive dressings. The individual must also be observed for rash, eczematous reaction, vesicles, white discoloration, tenderness, nodularity, burning, pruritus, or systemic reactions such as urticaria and anaphylaxis”. To

Over 17 million and 60 million people died in World War 1 and World War 2, respectively making them the two of the most deadly conflicts in modern history. Though these deaths must not be overlooked, the wars expedited many medical advances and technologies that saved many lives during and after the wars. The world saw many discoveries and innovations that would shape the scientific community forever. Without the two wars, access to blood products and blood transfusions, vaccines, and antibiotics would not exist as they are today.

• Wash broken skin with soap and water and cover with a clean, dry bandage until

Use a dressing that is big enough to go beyond one inch from the wound’s edges.

"Beneath the bandages are two cotton pads, one for each eye ... Both pads are filthy and soaked with moisture. Bilaterally upper eyelids are sutured to lower eyelids. The sutures are grossly oversized for the purpose intended. Many of these sutures have torn through lid tissue resulting in multiple lacerations of the lids. There is an open space between upper and lower lids of both eyes of about one quarter inch, and sutures are contacting corneal tissue resulting in excessive tearing

Before vaccinations were developed, diseases were killing millions of people and there was no efficient cure for them. Edward Jenner was the first scientist to develop the vaccine as we know it by 1796. By using disease cells taken from the skin lesions of a dairymaid named Sarah Nelms, who was suffering from cow pox, Jenner was able to successfully inoculate an eight year-old boy, James Phipps, from small pox. Jenner used cow pox to treat small pox because he heard of that dairymaids being protected against small pox by suffering from cow pox in the past. Jenner then concluded that cowpox was able to transmit from person to person but was also a source of protection against small pox. In1918, a disease called the Spanish Flu appeared.

Following this 0.5% plain Marcaine was placed in the surgical site. Tourniquet was inflated to 225.

Respect the soft tissue: meticulous surgical technique and wound closure, and reducing surgical time helps minimize the risk of recurrent infection.18,20 Furthermore, copious irrigation is considered an effective strategy to reduce the number of pathogens in the surgical wound

Tetanus is an infectious disease that affects the central nervous system and characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. It is also called lockjaw or trismus because one of the most common signs when infected is tightening of the jaw muscles. Most People think that tetanus is only caused by stepping on a rusty nail, but the real cause is contact with the bacterium called Clostridium tetani through wounds, cuts and scratches. It is typically found in soil, dust and feces but it can also be transmitted through animal bites and surgical wounds. (Weatherspoon, 2017)

Or there is a technique called procedure where you use a wide clothe or bandage wrap it round

• Keep the wound completely dry for the first 24 hours or as directed by your child’s health care provider. Your child may then shower. However, make sure that the wound is not soaked in water until the sutures or staples have been removed.

Local anesthetics can be used for pain management during a dermal procedure. These can be either injected or applied