To understand the past, we have to understand the artefacts of the past. Artefacts show us another kind of history, and another way of approaching the past. Not only do they frame the way we interact with the world, they also influence the way we think about it as a whole. So when one questions the ownership of these artefacts, they also question the history behind it. Because the history of art is, for the most part, a history of theft; questions over its ownership are bound to ensue. So, how do we decide who owns art, and subsequently, history? Prevailing postcolonial ideologies, might characterise museums as imperial despoilers in which their possession of artefacts showcase the dispossession of cultural identity from the colonised, …show more content…
Polybius was one of the first historians to criticise the Romans and their actions, and since only fragments of his ninth book have been preserved, the full extent of Polybius’ criticism is unattainable. However his strong disapproval of the seizure of the Syracusan art is clearly evident. Polybius stated, “a city is not adorned by external splendours, but by the virtue of its inhabitants” (Polybius, c.200 - c.118 BC). He presented two rhetorical arguments against the removal of Syracusan art. Firstly, he claimed that art contributed nothing to the power and expansion of the city. Additionally, he also questioned whether the victors could become great while living simply. If they could, why should they imitate the weaker people they defeated? (Miles, 2008). Polybius stated that victors “should not strip the cities under the idea that the misfortunes of another are an ornament to their own country” (Polybius, c.200 - c.118 BC). However, historian Erich S. Gruen argues that Polybius’ criticism of Roman extraction of art from Syracuse was a “tactical error rather than a moral failure”, as Polybius himself was bound by the envy and fear of what the art would incite in regards to Greco-Roman relations (Gruen, 1992). Art looting became a standard practice after Napoleon took over the French army. Looting was undertaken to raise funds to support the war effort, and to elevate morale in Paris. Under Napoleon, the Louvre museum became an
In the second story that I’ve read called Museums Preserve the Cultures of The World says that “sometimes museums agree that it is appropriate to return these items, but sometimes the other museums don’t return the items back to the right museums that
Historic treasures and artifacts are often donated to or purchased by other nations to place in their museums. Often museums are given the objects with full cooperation from the originating country, but sometimes they are stolen or given for protection such as in a time of war. When nations want the artifacts returned it can cause a disagreement with the other nations of who the rightful owner is.
Upon entering the room, visitors’ eyes dart to that mysteriously empty frame centered on the opposite wall. In such a painstakingly designed museum, this frame looks out of place. On these walls hang the memoirs of revered artists, but the empty frames scattered throughout remember something more tragic: the largest property theft in world history (Menconi, 2012). Head of security at the Gardner, Anthony Amore, refers to these empty frames as “placeholders, not memorials” and urges visitors to see them as a “testament” to their belief that they will reacquire the stolen paintings someday (Menconi, 2012). Whether they do or not, the 1990 Gardner theft greatly impacted
Museums have long served a purpose as cultural staples. For every museum, big and small, careful consideration is used in selecting its contents. When securing new items for a museum, it is most important to consider public appeal, educational value, and cost-effectiveness.
My artifact is exam one which shows competency in many areas of American government. The Constitution is a document that shares the rules and basic procedures of the land, as indicated by the answer to question four. This document was created because the first form of a constitution (The Articles of Confederation) failed. The goal was to have enough power to rule on a national level, but not so much power that it removed fundamental rights. One way this was accomplished was by dividing the power into three branches. The three branches of government are the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. If you reference question number eight of the artifact, you can see which article (section) of the Constitution refers
The museum believes in a pastiche and populist pathway, in which the history of all people is displayed. Its interactive viewpoint allows this museum to convey history in a way that would be more accessible to its audience. For example, patrons are given the opportunity to record their own history. However, academics, such as Keith Windschuttle, assert that the NMA is a “profound intellectual waste”. He argues that although it displays accurate history, it’s purpose of entertaining its audience detracts from its value, thus creating “waste”. Although Windschuttle’s view may be extreme, it demonstrates the considerable extent to which the tension between academic and popular historians exist.
Countless art has been sought-after throughout history. Explorers, scientists, art collectors, politicians, and entrepreneurs from Western nations have sought out and removed art from the lands of great civilizations, often with the assistance and participation of local people and governments. Even as cultural property faces immediate danger today in conflict zones like Syria and Mali, there is circumstantial evidence that some nations are awakening to the political and foreign policy benefits that can flow from the repatriation of cultural patrimony. While on a different scale from World War II, historic structures, religious monuments, and other priceless ancient times continue to suffer collateral damage and manipulation in armed conflict. Relics have been stolen, smuggled and sold in what is a reported multibillion dollar underground market. They have become the illicit prizes of private collectors and the subject of legal claims against museums. Of the countless museums subject to legal claims, The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City happens to be one of them. “The Metropolitan Museum has acquired thousands of works and objects of art from the antiquities”. “For the past several years, the government of Turkey has warned U.S. and foreign museums (including The Metropolitan Museum of Art), that unless ancient objects from Turkish soil are given up on demand, Turkey will stop lending artworks” (The Committee for Cultural Policy, 2015). Turkey continues to up the
Within such assemblage museums and their unsettled artifacts can be situated as affect- image (83). They are not fixed and static places which contain unsettled objects. They can depart from the common sense world and organize systems that control appearance and relationships and suggest the future. Museums select what they represent and; consequently, excludes parts of history according to their interests. This resembles the white policy which stresses and enlarges a specific trait in the colonized and excludes any implication of positive traits.
The scope of this report is to investigate how and why the Greeks influenced Roman culture. To achieve this, I will support my discussion with a set of specific examples. Lastly, as I have a personal interest in museum studies, I will briefly answer the question: 'Was it theft? Did the Romans really loot Greek art, and what for? '.
When WWI broke out , president Wilson announced that America would remain neutral(Nash 496). Wilson repeated his slogan “ keep us out of the war” during his reelection campaign in 1916(Unveiling History Par 1). Many Americans agreed with this and they sought out to promote peace and help end the war. Unfortunately, others were ecstatic for the adventure and could hardly wait(Nash 496). Over time, Wilson came to believe that it was the duty of the U.S to intervene on the side of England and France. I believe that Wilson and the government tried extremely hard to promote participation for soldiers and make the war seem like a good thing.
In this paper, I will be outlining the costs and benefits of social and technological fixes, and then I will be assessing the use of social and technological fixes of air pollution through the use of automobiles.
This question caught my attention because I have commonly heard the quote, “Be the change that you wish to see in the world”. I questioned the reality of the quote. Life has many obstacles and people give up on their dreams to settle for more conventional and attainable realities. However, when I was searching for artifacts and reflected upon them the thought changed.
There is an ongoing art-ownership debate over paintings and other art stolen from European Jews during the Holocaust of World War II (1939-45). As Jews were sent to concentration camps, Nazi German soldiers looted valuable art from their homes. During the ensuing decades, some of that art landed in major museums on display, prompting Holocaust survivors and the families of Holocaust victims to ask that those works be returned to them.
Throughout history, art has caused wars and forged alliances. In modern times, cultural treasures are being sorted into place after much misplacement. Restitution/repatriation, the act of returning cultural treasures to their rightful owners or nation of origin, often ensues difficult legal decisions, but remains a moral necessity. This act of returning cultural treasures, grows more common due to the media’s interest or publicized legal battles. The movie “The Woman in Gold,” involving Gustav Klimt’s painting of Adele Bloch-Bauer, is an example of the influence it has on media.
‘Imagine you were in charge of a museum’s collecting policy. What would you chose to collect and how would you justify these decisions?’