3.1 Introduction
This chapter seeks to assess the AU projects and policies for sustainability in light of the achievements and challenges each of the projects and policies have encountered and suggest what could bring about lasting economic growth which the Union seeking.
3.2 Agriculture and Food Security: using the CAADP Framework
3.3 CAADP Achievements:
Since 2003, at the inception of CAADP, Twenty five African countries have completed the four stages of signing a CAADP compact. The four stages include signing of the compact, making a national agricultural investment plan, technical review of the investment plan for harmony within the RECs and conformity to the CAADP framework and the business meeting, at which individual countries
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As for the RECs, ECOWAS has a regional plan already being implemented; the business meeting was held in June 2010. IGAD has signed a regional compact in October 2013. ECCAS has signed a regional compact and has an investment plan in place. COMESA recently signed a regional compact in November 2014.2
To date out of the twenty-five countries that have endorsed the compact nine have achieved an annual growth rate of 6 percent: Angola, Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Senegal, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Tanzania. Eight are investing ten percent of the national budget into Agriculture: Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Ghana, Guinea and Senegal. Four countries have achieved growth rate of four to five percent.
It is worth noting that the CAADP framework has demonstrated that it is relevant to accelerate the growth of agriculture in Africa and has made agriculture to be a top priority developmental agendum for many countries across the region, unlike in the past. It has gained political and international support for agriculture, CAADP has gained international financial support for Agriculture with the creation of a U.S. 60 million-multi donor trust fund for the implementation of CAADP.3
CAADP principles and countries’ agriculture strategies are converted to investments at the national levels through the implementation of post-compact strategies.
In addition CAADP has recently launched a ten-year implementation
The National Agro-Food policy has incorporated strategies that are in line with the nutritional aspects of the food system. The programs implemented under the policy include increased food production through optimization and sustainable land, development and upgrading agriculture infrastructure and increase the quality and safety of food by expanding the compliance of standard. Efforts have also been taken to strengthen human capital and to ensure sufficient skill labor force in the agricultural sector. This includes the use of modern technology and mechanization to reduce the dependency of manpower. The government also provides sector-based incentives to encourage the private sector to invest in the agriculture and agro-based industry.
South Asia is one of the most densely populated regions of the world, where despite a slow growth, agriculture remains the backbone of rural economy as it employs one half to over 90 percent of the labor force. Both extensive and intensive policy measures for agriculture
The first article 4 ways to end hunger in Africa from CNN explains almost 800 million do not have enough food to eat daily in Africa. This reason lead Africa to put greater emphasis on agriculture and supporting their farmers. They achieved to a remarkable goal in cutting the malnourish in half since the 1990. The United States has raised it efforts in the commitment to ending global hunger, poverty, and child malnutrition because of all the
Agriculture is one of key industries in both sub-Saharan Africa and Australia. In the recent few decades, agricultural production is under serious threat from severe drought, and the drought has triggered a series of chain-reactions involving important economic and social issues. To cope with various challenges, sub-Saharan Africa and Australia have already taken multiple approaches.
By empowering countries to grow their way out of poverty, we can break the cycle of hunger and build a more stable world for future generations. New tools and technologies brought to struggling agriculturists is key. Trade is key to bringing food security to 800 million people that remain chronically
Located in the middle and, as its name suggests, the south of the country, South Australia has both coastal and
East Africa has many main crops, but for the drier sections of East Africa, the cropping system is bent around millet. In the more humid districts, main crops are maize and cassava. Coffee, tea, tobacco, sugarcane, and cotton are the crops that produce the most money. Because of the lack of irrigation, East Africa’s crops are very vulnerable to unpredictable weather and external shocks. Water availability is one factor that limits as to how many crops it can produce a year. A project is currently going on to accelerate irrigation development in the more humid regions and rain-fed crops, so people who live in those regions can have their water and food.
The project shows that through effective democratic communication and funding, successful sustainability and management schemes can take place. The project has demonstrated a high level of success through the different levels of financial authority and power, as money can be distributed out to industries and issues of more concern and allows for productive use of funding awarded to the project. The project is also successful in allowing all voices apart of the Reef Alliance project to be heard, through the Queensland Farmers’ Federation. The project, Reef Alliance aims to regenerate and rebuild a healthy environment for the GBR, while maintaining successful business and management practices for farming industries. This suggests that the project is unbiased as it supports ideas of sustainability without destroying Australian industries. As the major goals of the sustainability project have been addressed at early stages, this can allow for farming practices to be refined by June 2019 and ensuring ongoing environmental practices to improve the health of the
Agriculture: Crops in Africa are divided into three categories. Staple food products, exports corps and African crops. Major staple food products include corn, millet, rice, sorghum, wheat, cassava, potato, yams, peas, peanuts, beans, fruits, and vegetables(4). The leading african
Until recently, many of the environmentalist policies of the Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard have been quite moderate, such as encouraging children to turn off their game consoles when not in use. On the government-run Clean Energy Future homepage, the website proclaims: "Switching off video game consoles when not in use could save households up to $150 a year enough to buy several great new games." The website provides a link to tips for ordinary consumers about how they can save money on energy costs through conservation efforts. This is environmentalism marketed from a self-interested perspective. The message is that people can save money and save energy at the same time. While this is a helpful promotional campaign in some respects, it is also somewhat inaccurate, given that many of the measures that must be taken to save the planet will likely be more costly and result in the consumer having to give up certain things and to pay more money for others. Organic food and hybrid cars, for example, cost more than standard-grown food and standard vehicles.
Sub-Saharan Africa’s grain yields roughly one third of other developing regions of the planet. Part of the problem is Africa's age-old dependence on rain-fed agriculture in a savanna climate, where the risks of drought are ever present. Sub-Saharan Africa lacks the river-based irrigation systems of South and East Asia. Another urgent problem with Africa's agriculture is that Africa's soils have been depleted of nutrients because impoverished farmers have been unable to afford fertilizers to replenish their soils. Older techniques for replenishing soil nutrients, such as the rotation of farm lands, allowing the replenishment of nutrients on land left to fallow for 10 or 20 years, are no longer feasible. Rising land scarcity because of
Sustainable development is filling today’s needs without challenging the needs of future generations. It’s about bettering the standards of living by preserving human health, maintaining the environment, using available resources well, and progressing long-term economic competitiveness. To do this, the integration of environmental, economic, and social priorities into protocols and programs are required. This also requires different levels of action, from citizens, to industries, to government action. In 2008 a change to how the Canadian Government would accomplish its commitment to sustainable development was made called the Federal Sustainable Development Act. This Act made it so every 3 years, a complete approach showing the whole government
“Sustainable” business practices are being touted, or even required, more and more by western society. What is ANZ’s sustainability policy and how is this congruent (or not) with cutting edge sustainability thinking and theory. Does this thinking and practice change across borders? And if so, how does the ANZ’s Australian head office engage with it? Does what they espouse align with the reality of their practice?
Agriculture directly or indirectly, is the main source of livelihood of most of the people all over the world. It provides a considerable portion of the national GDP of all developing countries and for the poor countries it provides the main portion of GDP. However, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) is the key organisation for controlling the world trading system and of which agriculture is one of the key concerns. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) is the sole instrument controlling the world trade in agriculture and agricultural products.
When headlines began popping out sanguine stories about Africa’s emerging market a few years ago, everyone from nations to companies to individuals perked up. The continent seemed ripe for a green revolution (Nsehe). In 2009 to 2010, a handful of private equity firms and institutional investors thrust into the continent’s promising agriculture markets before others could join the “land grab”(Henshaw). Some forty-five other equity firms planned to invest in the coming three to five years (Henshaw). The sentiment continued through 2011, when Forbes released an article naming agriculture the first of 5 top investment opportunities in Africa for the coming year (Nsehe). Since then, the lust for African agriculture has faded due to the uneven, laggard development of the African economy. Only recently has interest returned. Trends have shown the continent’s agriculture industry to be on the rise; economic growth has returned as well. This is characteristic of a promising emerging market, on the frontier of economic success. Africa simply needs a launch pad: help from foreign entities to jump-start its agriculture. With the population increasing, and consequently the demand for food, this focus may be West Africa’s rice production. Thus, an FDI in rice production may not only be profitable, but impactful. Several factors, including demand and supply, market status, and past investments show this market to be promising. However, current risks make investment