Abstract
Genetic instability and the accumulation of several molecular alterations are the cause of cancers through the development of a proliferative cell mass. However, it is restricted to the current prognostic and diagnostic classifications since there is no reflection of the entire tumor clinical heterogeneity. Therefore, they are not sufficient in making predictions for the adequate treatment of patients. The chances of survival for the patients suffering from cancer normally depends on the timely detection of the disease and in this perspective, the highly specific and sensitive methods of curing the disease take play. Notably, oncology can be revolutionaliuze3d through the development of the bio affinity particle and in the
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Also, mutations in apoptosis complex or suicide that is activated by p53, a tumor suppressing protein, and this results in the complete disabling of replication and, thus, there is prevention of cell destruction when the alarms responsible for self-destruction are set off. The above factors, when combined, lead to the unlimited cell proliferation and this unchecked cell division and malignant tumors release chemicals that promote the growth of abnormal capillaries leading to the feeding of these capillaries with the critical nutrients and this leads to the destruction of the surrounding cells. Some cells even detach themselves from the cell mass and then travel through to the bloodstream and then form tumors in some other body parts through metastasis.
It is unfortunate that cancer, a very complex disease characterized by the combination of accumulation of several molecular alterations and genetic instability has become more fatal than heart diseases. As stated earlier, the chances for the cancer patients to survive solely depend on timely detection of the disease and then the application of certain techniques for its treatment. There are traditional methods that are employed such as the papanicolau test and mammography for women in the detection of
Cell Theory is an explanation that says everything is made of cells. It continues on to say that those cells came from preexisting cells. Cell Theory is a theory because it is a frame-worked explanation of an observation made by many biologists like Anar Van Leeuwenhoek. Van Leeuwenoek studied plant stems, pond water, and gathered a conclusion that generally, all of those things are made of cells. Other biologists like Louis Pasteur added onto this idea that all organisms are composed of cells. A theory is also composed of two components; a sequence of patterns in the world and the thing or catalyst that is responsible for the pattern. The sequence of the pattern in Cell theory is that every organism in the world are made up of cells.
Cancer occurs when cells in the human body create irregularities and start to duplicate at anomalous quick rates. The outcome is the development of tumors in or on the surface of the body and organs. Tumors might be generous (not destructive) or threatening (harmful). Since ordinary cell improvement and duplication is a moderate procedure which is well controlled, it is evident when cells duplicate so rapidly.
Cancer is a disease in the human body that is caused by the uncontrollable division and growth of cells in the body. To exist, the body goes through two processes, one called the cell cycle and the other is the regulation of the cell cycle. During these cycles, cells divide and make new cells. Checkpoints along the cycle ensure that the cells are free of any damage and that the cells all properly grow and divide as they should (Cell Division, Mitosis, and Meiosis). When a normal cell is damaged, the cell will go through a process called apoptosis and this is when the body automatically causes the cell to self destruct, unlike in a cancer cell where the cell ignores all of the signals from the body to stop the division and growth (Cell Division,
Cytotoxic chemotherapy was first discovered during World War II by Gilman and Philips when they perceived the effect that nitrogen gas (used during WWI) had on the number of human cells proliferating and recognised this as a potential treatment for cancer. From this discovery, biotherapy was born helping to increase our knowledge in how to achieve cell death and tumour control through use of cytokines and monoclonal antibodies (Young et al, 2006). Cancer is often described as unregulated cell growth through a multistep process (Brighton et al, 2005). Brighton (2005) describes the ‘Hallmarks’ of the cancer cell as needing to acquire these six steps in order to develop: ‘self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to antigrowth signal, avoiding apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, angiogenesis and tumour invasion/ metastasis’. These six Hallmarks of Cancer describe the pathogenesis that a cell undertakes until it develops into a tumour which can then potentially become malignant (Hanahan et al, 2011). While normal cells can control their own proliferation that allows a homeostasis amongst cells, that new cells are born once the old cells have died ensuring that there are enough cells available to fulfil the task at hand. Cancer cells are more neurotic, they interrupt the normal signalling pathway within the healthy cells, and then they begin to grow uncontrollably invading the
The twentieth century has often been called and known as the cancer century. The reason being is that throughout the century, there have been more than a hundred types of cancer discovered across the world. In addition to the discovery of these many cancers, there has been an enormous medical effort to fight all kinds of cancer across the world. In the early decades of the century, cancer was considered to be a fatal disease, resulting in a high number of deaths. Although many cancers remain fatal today, medical treatments has been developed significantly that most cancers can be treated and or cured. After many years of struggling with various types of cancers, doctors are now becoming more aware of the causes of different cancers, how they can be treated, and what can be done to help prevent them. One type of cancer that strikes a large number of women is breast cancer. Breast cancer remains one of the major concerns in the medical field due to the many forms and number of people it affects.
In a typical cell, the progress of organised systems manage the pace and timing of cell development, division and death. Be that as it may, now and again, this cell cycle can go amiss. External components, for example, cancer-causing agents, toxins and UV beams, can harm the cells ' DNA, setting off the loss of the control system that direct when and how quick certain cells partition and die. Heredity can likewise have a part in a few varieties of malignancies, especially when joined with these outer triggers.
Cells that make up a malignant neoplasm are cells that do not follow the usual path of self-destruction when they are malformed or damaged. They are no longer able to execute their required function in the body. Meanwhile, they also manage to thwart the body’s immune system, which if they were unable to avoid, would destroy them as it does other dysfunctional or unnecessary cells in the body. This is how these mutated cells are allowed to flourish in a body. Not only do cancer cells flourish, but they excel at aggressively creating more and more cancer cells at a rate faster than our own body’s cells proliferate,
Therefore, then prompt caspase three and other effector caspases that cause apoptosis. By utilizing this data, experiments have been carried out that try to induce apoptosis in cancer cells by activation of the p53 gene. One particular examination was done on the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2, which is deficient in p53. According to Schuler (2000), an introduction of the p53 gene led to apoptosis through an intrinsic pathway. Subsequently subjecting p53 to gene treatment might be of enormous importance in the battle against leukemia.
Cells can produce cancer by the cells continuing to grow without stopping and they do not die. Cells are suppose to follow the normal orderly growth system, division, then death. Programed cell death is called apoptosis when this process breaks down or stops, cancer begins. Cancer harms the body when altered cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue called tumors (except in the case of leukemia where cancer prohibits normal blood function by abnormal cell division in the blood stream).
Additionally, although there is a lot of newly discovered information on Cancer cells, understanding them can be difficult and is the basis for developing a specialized treatment for an individual. Cancer cells divide and grow uncontrollably. While embedded in our DNA are genes that produce the necessary outline for the proteins that make up our body; some of these proteins cause abnormal growth as a result of mutations in our genes. Healthy cells for example, stop the production of cells if there is a sufficient amount, however, Cancer cells continuously produce cells even when it is not necessary. Healthy cells obtain the ability to communicate with other cells through the use of chemical signals which usually inform the cells of when to stop growing. Cancer cells do not obtain this ability to communicate along with their anti-growth signal. Cancer cells also lack the ability to repair any damages done to them which is known as apoptosis. Also, Cancer cells appear very differently than healthy cells do. They are darker in the nucleus due to an excess of DNA, are diverse in their mostly abnormal shapes and have a disorganized chromosome display. A crucial fact and major difference about these two types of cells is their ability and inability to bypass the immune system. Damaged healthy cells are discarded, but Cancer cells have the ability to avoid the
A missing or defective p53 protein is usually the culprit in cancer, being that is in over 50% of cancers. The p53 gene codes for a protein that stops the growth as well as the development of tumors, as well as other functions. This is known as a tumor suppressor gene. If the gene is mutated, it allows damaged cells to survive and make tumors. The p53 gene can be mutated by cancer-causing substances in the environment. The p53 is responsible for proteins that fix damaged cells or cause damaged cells to die (apoptosis). It does this so the damaged cells do not pass on. The p53 gene prevents irregular cells from turning into tumors.
Among the most important advances in cancer research is the idea of apoptosis and the genes that control it, where they have a profound effect on the malignant phenotype. P53 was the first tumor suppressor gene linked to apoptosis. Mutations in this tumor suppressor gene occur in the majority of human tumors and are often associated with advanced tumor stage and poor patient prognosis. Studies using p53 knockout mice demonstrated that endogenous p53 could participate in apoptosis. Also, it is now known that a lot of factors and stimuli can activate p53 to promote apoptosis, including hypoxia and mitogenic oncogenes.
Cancer is a disease of the cell cycle. Some of the body’s cells divide uncontrollably and tumors form.
Research in hopes of preventing breast cancer is being done in many medical centers all over the world. Doctors are trying to find new treatment options and better care for their patients. “Researchers have found that in many women with breast cancer, cells may break away from the tumor and enter the blood. These circulating tumor cells can be detected with sensitive lab tests. Although these tests can help predict which patients may go on to have their cancer come back, it isn’t clear that the use of these tests will help patients live longer. They potentially may be useful in patients with advanced breast cancer to help tell if treatments are working” (“What’s”).
Every organ in our body is made from cells that divide and grow, with new cells being created to replace the dying cells. This process is ongoing, and allows the maintenance of healthy bodies. Breast cancer occurs when the breast cells divide and grow without control, sometimes invading the surrounding tissue. Cancer cells are able to ignore signals from the brain that normally direct cells to stop dividing or begin the process of apoptosis, which the body uses to get rid of unwanted cells. Cancer cells are also able to manipulate and influence normal cells, molecules and blood vessels that surround them, to feed the cancerous cells. Breast cancer often refers to a malignant tumour that has developed in the breasts commencing from the breast tissues. Alike other