The Criminal Environment Changes After The Terrorist Attacks Of September 11

Throughout its more than hundred year history, the Federal Bureau of Investigations has been a very important agency to the United States. As a threat-based and intelligence-driven national security organization, the mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership to federal, state, and international agencies (“A Brief History of the FBI”). The Bureau’s success has always depended on its agility, its willingness to adapt, and the ongoing dedication of its personnel. But in the years since

What is intelligence-led policing (ILP)? What strengths and weaknesses have been identified with this model of policing? Support your arguments with examples from police departments/forces using ILP.

Analysis- officers working the well-defined problem seek Intel on the crimes from public and private sources. Not using the Intel that you would find in the system but the officer actually seeking out a more community

Since 2010, integration has been the vanguard initiative of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). This initiative has been successful in several areas to include: the creation of National Intelligence Managers (NIM) for all primary geographic regions and functional areas; enhanced transparency; and the focus on the negative impacts of over classifying documents. However, not all efforts to integrate the intelligence community (IC) have been successful. For instance, the ODNI did not succeed at creating a comprehensive sharing environment, and has not fully integrated federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies. Although, these failed areas of integration can be mitigated in the future through the appropriate initiatives taken by the ODNI.

The devastating events of 9/11 provided a forewarning to our country concerning the dangers of terrorism. However, it has created a particularly greater impact on the duties and standards expected of law enforcement agencies on all levels (local, state, and national). Law enforcement has begun implementing new tactics in an effort to prevent future terrorist attacks from threatening our national security. One aspect of policing in which terrorism has brought about is the process of information sharing between all levels of law enforcement. Our nation has also witnessed a change from traditional policing to that of a militarized one. Furthermore, after the incidents of September 11th, the

American Policing agencies have significantly changed since September 11, 2001, in a new age of international terrorism. American police departments agencies at all levels are now required to train for an increased amount of time and resources for possible terrorist attacks and to gathering the intelligence necessary to keep with the ongoing threats. Several police agencies have dedicating resources officers prepared for terrorist attacks and who gather information to head off possible risks. Local police often have to prevent, plan, and respond to medical, evacuations and security events which they did not have to in the past. Policing is commonly used to secure community event and increase patrols in worship places and other landmarks that

Line officers are now trained to search for answers needed for intelligence like who possess a threat within the community, who’s doing what with whom, what’s the modus operandi, and what is needed to apprehend culprits and prevent incidents(Intelligence-Led, n.d.). Furthermore, ethical decision-making from community policing to intelligence-led policing has expanded from not only gaining the community’s trust but to ensure all actions and information gathered are directly linked to serving a purpose of intelligence under the constitution(Intelligence-Led, n.d.). No more are there independent units working in the dark collecting intelligence like in the past but all agencies across the nation share and collaborate with another to prevent traditional and national security concerns(Intelligence-Led, n.d.).

Intelligence-led policing is the integration of community policing and intelligence policing. When law enforcement agencies utilize the intelligence while performing the community policing, the results become more effective. The use of intelligence while in the community

aware of your surroundings and report anything suspicious...”1 This is a simple example of what Intelligence-led policing looks like. Using multiple methods to gain information to help in the apprehension

Many states are funding intelligence fusion centers that can improve the collection, analysis and dissemination of information (Foster and Cordner, 2005). These centers would include computerized systems, new intelligence analysts and federal, state, and local law enforcement personnel. Three examples of such centers in place are the Arizona Counter Terrorism Information Center, the Upstate New York Regional Intelligence Center and the Washington State Joint Analytical Center. Notably, there is a high demand for intelligence analysts and investigators

For ILP to be successful there has to be a clear understanding of the functions and roles of intelligence and information when applied to the decision-making process (Shaible and Sheffield, 2011), and there also has to be a clear understanding of what intelligence is. One of the issues with the ILP model is not understanding hoe information is turned into intelligence. It’s important to point out that information doesn’t equate to intelligence. Intelligence should be viewed as “information plus analysis”, and can also be defined as “Intelligence is not what is collected; it is what is produced after collected data is evaluated and analyzed. (Peterson 2005, 10). Both definitions emphasize that the collection of information or data does not equate to actionable intelligence, instead that information has to be analyzed in order to influence polices and affect the targeting process in criminal investigations and operations (Ratcliff, 2003).

In preparation for my debate on the topics of intelligence-led policing and Compstat policing, I have discovered the many advantages and disadvantages of using intelligence-led policing and Compstat policing. According to Carter & Carter (2009), intelligence-led policing is the collection of and analysis of data relating to crime, used by law enforcement in “developing tactical responses to threats and/or strategic planning related to emerging changing threats” (p. 317). When applied correctly, intelligence-led policing is a tool used for information sharing in identifying threats and developing responses to prevent those threats from reaching fruition (Carter, 2011). One of the advantages of using intelligence-led policing is its incorporation of data analysts. The role of the data analyst in the context of intelligence-led policing allows them to take specially trained analysts to take raw data from information found in reports and translate it into useful information for the officers, allowing the police to deploy resources more effectively and efficiently (Griffiths, 2016). Another advantage is its application through preventative and predictive policing (proactive policing), in which law enforcement take data and identify crucial variables such as terrorism or the emergence of criminal organizations, in hopes of stopping the problem at its roots (Carter, 2011). Terrorism is especially important and emphasized after the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Centers in

Intelligence-led policing is the new standard of information sharing among law enforcement agencies across the country at all levels. Before intelligence-led policing gained popularity most law enforcement agencies did not freely share information amongst each other, which lead to huge gaps in the functioning of law enforcement agencies. Many believe that this laps in sharing is what lead to the 9/11 disaster. All police agencies must form a cohesive approach to a central system of intelligence gathering and information dissemination. By doing so, they may better achieve a common goal for the unified approach to policing. This process of intelligence-led police may seem like a simple concept, but it involve the many departments working together which can cause confusion and angst among them.

and so forth, to identify crime patterns, clusters, suspects, and hot spots. Strategies are then

The United States Intelligence community draws on advanced technology and analytical techniques. An intelligence process that sets objectives, collects, analyzes, and report findings, with feedback loops integrated throughout. Explicitly, the intelligence community advantages technology and tradecraft within a proscribed process. However, estimation of threats and decision-making are outcomes of human thinking. Analysts and policymakers create mental models, or short cuts to manage complex, changing environments. In other words, to make sense of ambiguous or uncertain situations, humans form cognitive biases. Informed because of personal experience, education, and specifically applied to intelligence analysis, Davis