The Debate over the Plausibility of Irreducible Complexity Essay

Molecular genetics is the study how genes change overtime and the structure and function of genes at the molecular level. Evolutionary biologists had to make inferences based off of phenotypic observations before molecular genetics was established. We can use molecular genetics to prove evolution by how our genes and traits do change overtime due to diseases inherited from our parents, the environment we live in, both the actual living environment and the nutritional standpoint, and the lifestyle habits can affect our genes, which alter the future of evolutionary change. Darwin’s definition of theory is stated as the change in the genetic structure of population, frequently used to refer to the appearance of new species. Changes allow the organisms to better adapt to the environment, which in turn will help them survive and produce more offspring.

According to Darwin, man is a product of a mindless, chance algorithmic process. He believed that humans and nature evolved through a process of chance mutations that have thus far resulted in us and the rest of the natural world. He believes there is no soul, that humans are tantamount to nature, and that the world is a machine. I agree with Darwin on a few levels; yes, species change over time. Yes, usually the stronger survive more often than the weaker. Yes, nature does follow a series of governing laws that makes it much like a machine. However, Darwin made a lofty assumption in claiming that because of these things, species were not independently created. This tossing away the idea of a creator and intelligent design disposes the possibility of the existence of a soul independent of the body. Existence is about surviving. If life really is about “the survival of the fittest,” then what’s so great about life if it’s

One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, “the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men”.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. “We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that route our email.” (BBC 1). Different goals have been set for the science of Artificial Intelligence, but according to Whitby the most mentioned idea about the goal of AI is provided by the Turing Test. This test is also called the

Complexity. Complexity theory, also known as complexity science, or complex systems, is a unifying framework to understand how parts of a system and their relationships give rise to the collective behaviors of a system, and how the system interacts and forms relationships with its environment. Complexity (as I will refer henceforth for ease), identified underlying parallels in phenomena as diverse as the rise and fall of civilizations, the human immune system, the origins of life, the evolution of species, the workings of the human brain, the onset of psychiatric illnesses, ecological systems, genetic selection, and the world economy. The application is prevalent in biology, mathematics, philosophy, medicine, neuroscience, sociology, anthropology, ecology, psychology, and philosophy, basically

Social Darwinism is a quasi-philosophical, quasi-religious, quasi-sociological view that came from the mind of Herbert Spencer, an English philosopher in the 19th century. It did not achieve wide acceptance in England or Europe, but flourished in this country, as is true of many ideologies, religions, and philosophies. A good summary of Social Darwinism is by Johnson:

Natural selection, together with the rules of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel, stand at the basis of modern evolutionary biology.

Ultimately, Paley’s argument uses an inductive argument to suggest that all things with properties of intelligence and complexity must have an intelligent designer who designs them for a specific purpose.

To begin with the definition of Darwinism evolutionary theory. According to Frank de Caro, evolutionary theory is a theory that “proposed that human culture evolved through stages over time according to a uniform and logical process” (p. 457). Based on Gregor Mendel’s pea experiment, which is able to predict child pea’s characteristics by its parents’ characteristics, Darwin improved Mendel’s hypothesis and makes his own evolutionary theory. Then by this theory, Darwin can explain that human is evolved from monkeys and apes because they have similar skeleton frame and the differences between them were caused by

The ongoing scientific investigation of how exactly evolution occurred and continues to occur has been an argumentative idea amongst society since Darwin first articulated it over a century ago. The scientific basis of evolution accounts for happenings that are also essential concerns of religion; both religion and science focus on the origins of humans and of biological diversity. For instance, in the reading “Truth Cannot Contradict Truth,” Pope John Paul II, addressing the Pontifical Academy of Science, discussed the matter of God as creator of man. The Pope explains that men cannot relate to animals because men are superior. The reasoning for that is because God created humans under his likeness. What the church is saying about mankind

With the various developments in progress in the biological sciences , particularly genetics then subsequently enriched Darwin 's Theory of Evolution . Natural selection no longer be the sole causative agent of evolution , but there are additional factors other causes , namely : mutation , gene flow , and genetic drift . Therefore the theory of evolution that we now called the Neo - Darwinian seirng or Modern Systhesis .

Neo-Darwinism is the original Darwinistic theory of natural selection, incorporated with modern population genetics. it is taught in public schools and both private and public colleges, But is it as infallible as it is made out be? Neo-Darwinistic theory is generally accepted to be true but it is inherently flawed and unsupported by the fossil record the field of genetics and biochemistry. According to neo-Darwinistic theory, the origin of life comes from a primordial soup containing a water-based cocktail of organic chemicals from which life was generated from random chemical reactions resulting in the linking of amino acids (the building blocks of life) into protein chains around 4 billion years ago.

Irreducible Complexity is an idea sparked debates with scientists for generations. This is the notion that a complex part of an organism could not have evolved over a long period of time since it would not have contained all the key components to keep it functioning. Darwin himself knew that his theory of evolution was hanging by a thread when he said, “If it could be demonstrated that any complex organism existed that could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.” One of these irreducible complex organisms is Cilia.

Speciesism has developed from the same ideas that legitimize the limited category of ‘human’. According to Wikipedia ‘Speciesism is the assignment of different values, rights, or special consideration to individuals solely on the basis of their species membership. The term speciesism is a term used by animal rights activists and more or less means that animals like humans have rights and can not be used against their will for testing and other purposes that could harm the animal. In today’s world we only think about ourselves as humans we are a very selfish species, before we had the developed cities and countries we had today these concrete jungles were once real jungles, deserts, habitats for animals.

I think that Gregor Mendel was honest but his work was ignored for such a long time because his work went against the work of other scientists theories. People believed these other scientists which were Darwin and his followers instead of Mendel. People believed these other guys because they had been around longer and they were credited with other discoveries and Mendel was not. No one was going to believe him over all of these other guys even though he was right and they were wrong. Mendel’s work was discredited because there was no space left in the next decades for the acceptance of the true scientific laws of heredity discovered by Mendel and further genetical work was continued mainly by Darwin's critics among the scientists. The general

The evolutionistic theory refers to the biological concept of progress and development. The theory states that organisms were meant to increase in complexity, and later on included cultural and social evolution by comparing primitive tribal groups to modern society, and studying how certain aspects in the tribal groups were repeated all over the continent. Edward B. Tylor and Lewis H. Morgan brought the term "evolution" to anthropology, which makes them crucial to the growth and improvement of anthropology.