The Distributed Energy System ( Des )

The class project for Sustainable Energy is to design a stand-alone power system for a single-family house. The stand-alone power system can either be a photovoltaic (PV) or a fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) unit. Without connecting to the power grid either of these units will have to supply the 2,500 square foot home with both heat and electricity. In order to properly select the size of the system needed; numerous parameters need to be considered and evaluated. With these values it is then possible to determine

The Distributed is electrical power generation in small scale (usually 1MW to 50MW) near the load centre using either conventional techniques such as Diesel generators and micro turbines or using non-conventional techniques such as Photo-Voltaic, wind turbines and small hydro power. This modern concept of power system is very advantageous as it reduces the load on the grid, consumers get a reliable power of better quality, and consumers can supply surplus power to the grid and earn a considerable profit. Thus, adopting this modern concept of power system is not only beneficial for consumers but also to the utilities.

Introduction: Due to growing awareness of environmental issues, Australia is committed to the clean energy target of 33,000GWh by the year 2020. Integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) in low voltage system will play an important role in fulfilling the target. In order to accommodate DERs, the structure and control strategies of the modern power systems is moving from traditional centralised generation and control structure to localized generation and control and coordination [1]. However, it possesses a variety of economic and technical challenges.

The U.S. electric power grid has gradually become a very complex system. Earlier, it was responsible to respond to local and regional loads and the expansion. The limitations arise because of the development pattern and the physical confines of transferring bulk power over very long distances. According to the Energy Reliability report, there are 30,000 transmission paths extended over 180,000 miles of transmission lines serving 100 million customers (Dick et al., 2013). There are three major synchronous grids in the U.S. and the Grid operations take place in a decentralized manner. The demand and supply of Electricity wall undergo new changes as the availability of storage technologies and availability of decentralized sources of power. The prime challenges of the future involve the power distribution system design, Transmission system design, the wide area controls and the dynamic balancing of load and generation. The new technologies focus on improvement in transmission characteristics, high levels of energy storage, and the renewable-heavy generation system. Electronic Technicians face the challenges of developing the right mix of substation controls, power grid controls, stability controls and communication requirement. The contemporary electric energy engineering look for the game changing

Index Terms—Distributed generation (DG), distributed power systems, droop method, hierarchical control, ISA-95, microgrid (MG), parallel operation, smart grid (SG).

Recently interest in Distributed Energy Systems (DES) is increasing, particularly onsite generation. This interest is because larger power plants are economically unfeasible in many regions due to increasing system and fuel costs, and more strict environmental regulations. In addition, recent technological advances in small generators, Power Electronics, and energy storage devices have provided a new opportunity for distributed energy resources at the distribution level, and especially, the incentive laws to utilize renewable energies has also encouraged a more decentralized approach to power

Microgrids (MGs) are defined as an integration of distributed energy resources (DER) units, energy storage systems (ESS), and a group of controllable and non- controllable loads, which is capable to be used by connecting to a grid or islanded modes. The MG plays a key role in moderation of power balance of supply and demand by connection to a grid, which sells power to the grid or buys power from the grid. In separated mode, the MG is apart from the grid, in which the customers purchase a reliable power from MG, considering DG bids [1, 2]. Considering a MG integrated with DER, combined heat and power (CHP) systems, and energy storage technologies, an environmental friendly, low cost, and reliable energy could be attained. CHP systems play a key role on reducing the cost of thermal energy generation by recovering the heat wasted during generation of electrical energy [3]. CHP economic dispatch (CHPED) aims to minimize the cost of generation of heat and power, in which mutual dependency of heat and power and heat-power capacity of the cogeneration units should be taken into account [4].

systems. In particular, my research interests are shaped by the emerging trend towards new power grids and energy structures. In the past several years, centralized power systems are replaced by distributed power grids and the penetration level of renewable energy keep increasing in the traditional market. My research will mainly focus on the challenges to which electricity operators would face, especially in case of the uncertainty of

The division of the grid into productive sub-systems– so-called MGs, which integrate distributed generation (DG) for local demand – has been proposed to increase manageability and reduce transportation losses [1]. MG can be either connected to other MGs or the main grid for energy exchange or run in island mode as circumstances or economics dictate [2, 3]. The generating units in MGs can either be conventional generators or renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind turbine (WT) [4] and photovoltaic (PV) systems [5].

Technological and manufacturing progress along with climate change concerns are transforming the electric power system with the integration of an increasing number of renewable sources that are difficult to plan and control due to its volatility and lack of active dispatchable control. This is challenging the reliability, efficiency and security of the grid. However, they offer a potentially synergistic development as these Distributed Energy Resources (DERS) can provide the requisite for demand response and reserves for economically sustainable massive renewable energy integration. In spite of that, today’s centralized power markets do not allow for the procurement of reserve services and the accommodation of demand response. In this

Introduction: Due to growing awareness of environmental issues, Australia is committed to the clean energy target of 33,000GWh by the year 2020. Integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) in a low voltage system will play an important role in fulfilling the target. In order to accommodate DERs, the structure and control strategies of the modern power systems is moving from traditional centralised generation and control structure to localized generation and control and coordination [1]. However, it possesses a variety of economic and technical challenges.

The electric grid is a large interconnection of both generation and transmission electrical subsystems usually managed by utilities to facilitate efficient distribution of electricity to consumers and businesses [1]. Providing adequate, reliable and sustainable energy has always been the focus as well as a perennial challenge for utilities. This challenge

Introduction: Due to increased concern on energy crisis and environmental issues, power industry is shifting their power production from conventional power sources to renewable energy sources, and is incorporating it into the grid utility in the form of distributed generations (DGs). The application of DGs can enhance reliability and stability of the local network, and can reach benefit to the supplier by reducing system losses and investment on a new transmission line due to increased power consumption [1]. Power generation in the form of DGs for local and grid utility can create issues as many as it may solve. Therefore, a microgrid concept is evolved to coordinate among sources, loads, and energy storage devices for maintaining

Historically, loads were variable but predictable, generation was dispatchable and there was no significant amount of bulk energy storage in the power system. However, nowadays, numerous recent reports and studies [1, 2] have discussed significant changes going on in the electric power system. These changes include the growth in the use of renewable energy resources in the bulk power system, proliferation of distributed energy resources (DER), an increasing number of installations of local renewable resources at end-use points and energy storage maturing into a viable grid-scale resource. These transformations have an important impact in the planning and operation of the modern grid.

Distributed generation (DG), also known as on-site generation, distributed resources (DR), distributed energy resources (DER) or dispersed power (DP) is the use of small-scale power generation technologies located close to the load being served [2]. There are different types of distribution generation technologies but the two main ones we will focus on are Photovoltaics and wind turbines. These technologies have great benefits in distribution generation and their benefits go beyond generating clean energy to supporting