The Effect Of Distributed Generation On Power Quality Of Iraqi Power System Networks

For the purpose of this discussion, the specifics of the electrical energy system in the United States are not important, rather an introduction to the basic elements of the system, who they serve, how they relate the larger whole and how they are regulated will suffice. On a most basic level the electrical grid, or system, in the United States is comprised of three basic components; the generation of electrical energy, transmission of this energy, and the distribution of this energy to end consumers.

The United States has an extremely well developed and maintained power grid which in its current state is configured primarily for non-renewable power generation. As the cost of green power comes down there will be an increasing amount of green power generation on the grid. This new, cleaner source of energy unfortunately has disadvantages that more traditional methods of power generation don’t suffer from, namely consistently. Photo-voltaic cells will only work when the sun is shining and wind turbines only spin when wind is present. I will be examining the readiness for renewable power of the power grid within the United States as well as investigating improvements that would allow for a larger national power generation percentage of renewable

With the development of renewable sources and the emphasis on renewable energy, the energy transition will need an expanded, adapted grid to cope with more renewable power. The current grid in Germany is designed to take power from central power stations to consumers, but this is not sustainable for renewable energies. Large power plants will continue to export power to the transit grid, but it needs to be changed so that power from wind turbines in the north can reach consumers in the west and south. In 2011, the German Parliament passed the ‘Act on Accelerating Grid Expansion’ calling for a review of ultra-high voltage lines by Germany’s Network Agency and for high-voltage (110-kilovolt) lines to be installed as underground cables.

Electrical energy is a commodity that is manufactured through converting raw materials provided by nature into usable electricity. It is available in various forms from different natural sources such as radioactive substances of nuclear energy, pressure head of water, and kinetic wind power (National Certificate in Technology, n.d.). Electrical energy is available in various forms from different natural sources. Today, people lie heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for the production of electrical energy. However, these resources of electrical energy in useful forms are limited. With the

National Grid is one of the many electric power transmission network and gas companies that serve customers and businesses by using the most reliable and efficiently clean energy for which millions of customers benefit and depend on. The Company has its foundation in the UK and Northeastern US. Its objective is to provide the best performance and reliability to the customers, expand and growth the services throughout many states in the United States. As a whole the company is striving for success by using and developing the talents within the within the organization, new skills and capabilities to compete with others electric companies.

Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) based distributed generators (DGs) are generally controlled as current source to deliver only active power generated by PV source to the grid. However, reactive power transfer capability of such DGs must be utilized to satisfy reactive power demand of the load or to provide reactive power support to the grid. Reactive power management for several such PV based DGs operating in parallel is a challenging task as the available reactive power capacity of each depends on the environmental conditions and may vary continuously. The proposed algorithm considers the effect of environmental conditions on the active power generated by the DGs and accordingly assigns reactive power references for the inverters after computing the available capacity of the inverters. Hence, irrespective of variation in active powers of the DGs, the proposed algorithm not only helps to avoid the overloading of the inverters but also operates all inverters at same apparent power rating to ensure equal utilization of the inverters. The algorithm is evaluated in terms of its capability to obtain the best solution that gives the least standard deviation of utilization factors of the inverters. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB/Simulink are included to confirm its effectiveness over other algorithms.

New era that will not mainly relay on central power stations seems to have started. A novel independent power producers who provide less expensive, more efficient and smaller-scale power plants is well underway ‎[1]-‎[2]. Renewable energy is heavily involved in such direction and

most economic manner in real-time operation. The objective is to minimize the total generation cost (including fuel cost, plus emission cost, plus operation/maintenance cost, plus network loss cost) by meeting the following operational constraints.

Measuring the power quality it requires the network system voltage within their limits, as the non linear loads increasing .Effects of Harmonic on power quality and the efficiency. In power system , harmonics are the multiples frequencies . when we apply pure sinusoidal wave form of

The power grid situation in India is that of an overstressed infrastructure. In India power failures occur every day for an hour or more at a time, even in the more developed areas. Most businesses in India have diesel generators and the

Voltage instability problems play a great role in power systems planning and operation. Nowadays, power systems are being performed closer to their steadiness limits due to economic and environmental constraints. Preserving a fixed and secure operation of the power system is hence a very vital and challenging issue.

POWER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT FOR REAL AND REACTIVE POWER COORDINATION IN AUTONOMOUS MICRO GRIDS OPERATION USING PSO UPFC

Grid technology. Focus on high-capacity unit and network, but can also focus on the development of small-capacity unit. Small-capacity units and network are more difficult, but it can be other power generation combined. In recent years, the development of wind and solar technologies, can also be considered in conjunction with the tidal power, geothermal energy, thermal energy, hydropower, to solve the small-capacity unit grid difficult problem.

Other than hydro power, many such energy sources like wind and photovoltaic energy can be used as the sole producers of power. Apart from this reason there are areas which are remote where the electricity which is being generated from the main grid cannot be transmitted due to the high cost of transmission and losses. Diesel generators are normally used to supply power to such areas where grid connection is not available [3]. However due to the usage of fuel the usage of these are not advisable as they produce pollutant gases and the price of the diesel is on the rise. The availability of renewable sources like wind, solar, hydro, etc. effectively contributes to the consideration of development of the stand-alone hybrid generation systems (HGS’s).

Connecting any generator in parallel into the local final circuit with another source however has several implications in terms of electric shock protection. The most important are the safety to the service’s staff, public and the users of the generator. In order to evade the risk of electric shock, the users mentioned above should be informed of an operational generator (Small Scale Embedded Generator SSEG) through labels, so they can take their precautions. The main source supply and SSEG must be isolated prior to any electrical work installation/connection. The SSEG should not have its own earth if connected parallel to another source (British Standard, 2008). The recommended parallel connection with LV distribution systems for a type