The Drugs Relationship : Exploring Dynamic And Static Models

In today’s world the drug culture is often one that goes underestimated, or unseen do to people’s lack of vigilance, ignorance, and oblivion. Not only are drugs dominantly prevalent in mainstream society but are even more dominate within the criminal justice system. This paper will examine in-depth the prevalence and scope of the drug epidemic in context to probation and the criminal justice system.

The United States features a prison population that is more than quadruple the highest prison population in Western Europe (Pettit, 2004). In the 1980s, U.S. legislation issued a number of new drug laws with stiffer penalties that ranged from drug possession to drug trafficking. Many of those charged with drug crimes saw longer prison sentences and less judicial leniency when facing trial. The War on Drugs has furthered the boom in prison population even though violent crime has continued to decrease steadily. Many urban areas in the U.S. have a majority black population. With crime tendencies high in these areas, drugs are also prevalent. This means that a greater percentage of those in prison are going to be black because law

There has been debate over whether non-violent drug offenders belong in prison. Some believe all drug offenders should be put in prison, others believe that it depends on circumstances, and, still others believe only violent drug offenders should be incarcerated. Overcrowding is one point of contention. It seems as though the slightest infraction can land a person in prison. Violence is rampant, whether inmate versus inmate or inmate versus guard. Rehabilitation or education is practically non-existent, unless an inmate teaching another inmate how to commit the ‘perfect’ crime is counted. Evidence shows being in prison does little to rehabilitate an inmate. Clearly, the system does not work.

This paper explores several different sources that cover some aspect of how the United States Penal System went from the Rehabilitative Model to a punitive system. Bryan Stevenson and Betsy Matthews have written about how drug enforcement and the “War on Drugs” are responsible. Yeoman Lowbrow’s analysis of the crime rate and statistics will be considered alongside Matthews’ analysis of the different political parties’ changing views. The change in United States sentencing practices as a result will also be considered. In the conclusion a brief summary of a predicted future will be

In addition, Stuart and Brice-Baker (2004) found that the rise in female criminal behavior and incarceration can be attributed to changes in women’s behavior and changes in the drug laws. The rate of drug sales, use, and addiction has increased, which has caused the number of women incarcerated for drug related crimes to increase. Although drug dealing has commonly been seen as a male dominated criminal activity, women have become more involved in the distribution

The researchers conducted to examine racial disparity in the war on drugs in suburban areas. The population reviewed includes wealthy white drug consumers and minority drug dealers. The researchers examined the literature related to the war on drugs, the impact on suburban families, and minority drugs dealers. They looked at the war on drugs historically and concluded that the blame for suburban drug use fell on minority drugs dealers. The researchers also noted that judges sentenced affluent, suburban youth to less time and subject to the benefits of rehabilitation, treatment, reform, and reentry. Conversely, judges sentenced minority drug dealers more severely. It is interesting to note that although the focus of this article was the disparity between urban and suburban drug users and dealers, the theme overlaps with the focus in the Lurigio and Loose (2008) and Stringer and Holland (2016) research on disparity in sentencing based on

Between 1980 and 2000, there was a fifteenfold increase in the number of people sent to prison on drug charges. Many other sentences, especially for violent crime, were lengthened. By 2000, more than two million people were in prison- roughly four times as many as in 1972...and nearly half of that took place in the 1990’s. In explaining the crime drop of the 1990’s - imprisonment accounts for roughly one-third of the drop in

The number of people incarcerated in America has steeply risen since the beginning of the War on Drugs. In 1980, about 300,000 individuals were in jail. (Alexander, 2010) In 2000, the number rose to over one million, and at the start of 2008, there were 2.3 million adults in prison in America (Pew Center on the States, 2008). These increases in the rate of incarceration are traceable to the War on Drugs (Nunn, 2001). “Convictions for drug offenses are the single most important cause of the explosion in incarceration in the United States (Alexander, 2010).” Drug offenses account for two thirds of the rise in the federal prison population between 1985 and 2000 (Nunn, 2001).

Drug abuse is shown to be connected to all different kinds of crime in the United States, and in many circumstances, crime is inspired by drug abuse and addiction. In fact, 80% of criminal offenders abuse drugs or alcohol (National Association of Drug Court Professionals). Also, 60% of those who are arrested test positive for illicit drugs when they are arrested, and 60-80% commit another crime, typically drug-related, after leaving prison (National Association of Drug Court Professionals). And, even after these individuals put in the time in prison that would allow them to go through the uncomfortable process of detoxing, 95% of them will chose to go back to drug abuse after prison (National Association of Drug Court Professionals). Given these overwhelming statistics, it is clear that drug abuse, and repeated or continued drug abuse, are a serious problem facing the criminal justice system.

“The United States makes up nearly 5% of the world’s population and almost 25% of the world’s prison population. Today, there are over 2.2 million people incarcerated in this country” (Barnett-Byrd). During the last forty years, up till 2015, there has been a 500% increase in the incarceration rate in the United States. Throughout the years, the prison rates keep accumulating. People are being locked up primarily for drug use and violence. In 2015, nearly 52.9% of convicts were sentenced for violence in the state prisons, and 49.5% of convicts were sentenced for drug related issues in federal prisons (Carson and Anderson 2). As the incarceration rates increase, the amount of drug use and violence in this country also increases, and as the

In viewing the information contained in the aforementioned articles, one can immediately understand the underlying reasons that women are committing more crimes than men. Through the mid-1990s, the arrest rates of both genders has increased steadily, with the male rate far exceeding that of females (Gross, 2009, pp. 84). However, in recent years, a shift has been seen, with the numbers of female offenders rising significantly, especially at the juvenile level, which significantly raises the likelihood of re-offending later in life. As such, an understanding of the differences between the sexes in terms of the reasoning behind their offenses has long been researched.

Risk-reduction model. According to (Chesney-Lind, 1998; Covington, 1998) substance abuse is more prevalent in female offenders (p.16). Studies show that female offenders history of substance abuse plays a critical role in the initiation and continuation of female criminal behavior (Peugh & Belenko, 1999). Often times female offenders have admitted to using drugs of some sort at the time of incarceration or committed crimes in

Approximately 40% of criminal convictions in the year 2000 related to incarceration of women were on the basis of illegal drugs relation and 34% were for other non-violent crimes such as burglary, larceny, and fraud. 18% of women in prison have been convicted because of violent conduct, and 7% for public order offenses such as drunk driving, liquor law violations and vagrancy.

In a study that was done back in 1970 by Sutherland and Cressey, they pointed out that in the U.S. alone, “felons are overrepresented in the addict population, [and] crime rates are increased considerably by drug addiction” (1970, p. 164). Despite having proposed several hypotheses attempting to explain the correlation between drug abuse and crime, they could not reach a conclusion. A decade later, the knowledge about the drug/crime relationship had steadily increased due to numerous studies of the incarcerated or addicted population. However, the information didn’t reveal any viewpoints that made sense aside from heroin. This view was

Incarceration can influence the accessibility of drugs and the opportunity for a user to commit crime. Interviewers will only track and assess subjects in halfway houses, psychiatric facilities, individuals who are homeless, and other known areas of abundant drug circulation (streets). For research clarity, we would like to note that interviewers will not be assessing subjects in jail or prison, as both locations inhibit a subjects’ ability to obtain and/or use illegal substances, as well as their opportunity to partake in criminal activity.