The Economics Of Human Gene Editing. Human Gene Editing

manufacturing animal proteins, correcting genetic defects, or making improvements to plants and animals bred by man.” Although, genetic modifications raise social and economic safety risks and ethical concerns, utilizing genetic engineering could be beneficial because of the potential to prevent and cure genetic diseases via gene therapy treatment and alleviate world hunger by increasing the nutritional and medical benefits and higher crop yields of genetically modified plants. Ethical considerations

tests, but the doctor informs that her child has a gene that will give the child Huntington's disease. Huntington’s disease causes the nerve cells to break down which can lead to the face being disarranged and slower motor skills. The editing of DNA in embryos could have saved Jessica’s child, so should editing in human embryos be allowed? The editing of DNA in human embryos is when scientists go into genome and delete or write out certain genes. The indicated process is done so the embryos can be

cannot control that depend on our genetics. For example, people have disease that are related or caused by mutated genes, and many children have dreams to play professional sports but their genetics hinder them. We could solve these issues with one thing: genetic engineering. There are many scientist who want to research and test this field but lack the funding. Genetic engineering in humans should be funded so disease, dreams, and lives can be changed forever. This type of science is nothing new. Many

Introduction The concept of altering human genomic DNA has been around for decades, with pioneering studies in the late eighties illustrating the insertion of homologous DNA sequences at defined locations within mammalian chromosomes (Smithies et al., 1985). Only now, are these rudimentary techniques being replaced with rapid, inexpensive, and more efficient tools for genome editing (Zhang et al., 2014). Tools like CRISPR/ Cas9, which, were once a bacterial defense mechanism but have since been

as long as DNA has been used for storing the information for life, genes have controlled the development and evolution of all living things on Earth. Today genetics influences aspects of our behavior and health, and will continue to be the focus of biological research in the near future. Aside from our health, genes have control over our entire perception of reality. This sobering fact, along with the sheer ubiquitous nature of genes in all living things, has only recently been elucidated. Since Mendel

sequences found in the genomes of microorganisms. CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes in genes by splicing and replacing these DNA sequences with new ones. Through these changes, the biology of the cell is altered and possibly affects the health of an organism. The possibilities are endless as this offers opportunities in curing deadly diseases, modifying genes, and changing humanity as we know it. Although bioengineering has been around since the 1960s, CRISPR is significant

couples.” (Baird 12). Once considered unethical and unmoral, now is apart of everyday life. Now, genetic modification technology is quickly progressing, but how far should scientists be able to go when manipulating the human genome of embryos? Designer babies, or genetically modified human embryos, now have the possibility of becoming a reality, but do the benefits outweigh the risks and criticism. First, Jayashree Das, the author of Redesigning Nature: to be or not to be, defined designer babies in

cells Date of Submission: 26th October 2015   Application of CRISPR Cas system in reducing PERVs in porcine cells Xenotransplantation of pig organs to human is recently suggested by scientist under the shortage of organ (Zeyland et al., 2015). However, pig organ poses a great threat on human by transmitting porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) to human (Choi et al., 2015). There are several solutions, like using Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN), but they are risky and

immune defense, was not realized until the completion of the Human Genome Project in the early 2000’s (Carroll and Zhou 63-64). There are only two components of CRISPR, a guide RNA sequence (gRNA) and a Cas9 endonuclease protein. When the gRNA binds to its matching template DNA sequence, the Cas9 protein cuts the template DNA sequence resulting in the inactivation of that specific gene (Hille and Charpentier 3). In addition, a mutant gene can be replaced by adding another piece of DNA with the desired

engineering needed for our policy bridges of the future is genetic in nature. Gene editing used to be a relatively painful and laborious process until the development of CRISPR. In short (and seriously abridging the complex science), CRISPR stands for “Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats” and are segments of genetic code that, paired with an enzyme such as “Cas9,” have the potential to modify the genes of nearly every organism. The development of CRISPR is to genetics what the