Dr. R.W. Rogers created the Protection Motivation Theory in 1975. He proposed this theory to explain the effects of fear and how they can affect behavior. Rogers explained that fear initiates a cognitive process where the person takes into account a threat appraisal and a response appraisal which results in an adaptive or maladaptive behavior. Much of his work was based on Richard Lazarus and Howard Leventhal’s work on how people cope with fear. Their work focused on fear reaction divided into two processes: danger control (threat appraisal) derived from environmental cues and fear control (coping appraisal) an internal process. Rogers created the first three constructs of PMT based on environmental cues. They are referred to as threat …show more content…
Maladaptive behaviors include smoking to relieve stress from work or procrastinating on a paper to avoid the stress. The rewards that come from smoking maybe the reduced anxiety brought on by the psychological effects of smoking. The rewards of procrastinating is that a person has more time to do activities that he or she likes instead of working. Perceived severity is how a person sees the gravity of the threat. Young people may think that a broken bone is not much of an injury and they will heal quickly. However, and elderly person my see this threat as more severe because older people do not recover as well from these types of injuries as well as young people. Perceived vulnerability is how a person considers likelihood the threat affecting him or her. People that live in colder temperatures were mosquitos do not thrive see themselves as less likely to contract West Nile virus or Zika whereas people in warmer climates see themselves as very vulnerable to such threats. The coping appraisal process takes into account the response efficacy and self-efficacy. In addition to these two constructs the cost of the recommended behavior is also taken into account. Response efficacy takes into account how well the adaptive behavior will alleviate the perceived threat. Instead of smoking, a person may try meditation or exercise to relieve stress. The effectiveness of the recommended behavior is different for everyone and meditation may work better for one
It is associated to rational choice theory and routine activity theory as mentioned by Joyce (2013) in her book on Criminal Justice. Rational choice theory where if the potential offender know that the risk to commit a crime is high, it will decrease their motivation to commit knowing that he or she will get caught easily. In short, the risks outweighs the benefits. Routine activity theory where crime is possible at a certain time and place, with absence of capable guardian and suitable target and potential offender come together (Joyce, 2013, p.73), for example, a female walking back home alone in the alley at night, with no passer-by will make her a potential victim for
People whose self-concept high incongruence makes their experience contradict with their self-perception. Relatively incongruent self-concept leads to recurrent anxiety. There for from this anxiety they display defensive behaviour in order to relate their experience with their self-concept so that it will seem quite accurate, i.e. they protect their self-concept by displaying defensive behaviour of ignoring, denying and twisting reality (Wieten, 2014).
Do all living things fear something? Those with minds surely have many and various fears, but even the simplest organisms must have fear, for fear is such a powerful feeling. Fear is all around us and is felt in every corner of the earth. Fear is the emotion or feeling that a living creature gets when its physical or mental life is interrupted by a change that causes the creature concern.
Fear and Drive Reduction model is a way to persuade you to think and feel about a situation. The use of fear is to get you to listen or pay attention to a situation you are in. The Reduction is centralized on the pleasure-pain principle. You are attracted to a rewarding situation and seek to eliminate an uncomfortable situation. If your mom yelled at you for having bad grades in school, you will do anything to get out of the situation and to not feel fear or a presupposed threat.
To start of the novel Fear, by Gabriel Chevallier, Jean Dartemont is in France observing all the civilians celebrate the start of the new war. He criticizes their behavior and strongly disapproves, however, he admits a curiosity in him that convinces him to volunteer for the war for it will be a ‘remarkable spectacle.” After being approved to go to war, Dartemont heads to a training camp. There he becomes a private after failing to become an officer. Here he commands a group, but realized he finds the maintenance of soldiers to be tedious and useless work. Already he becomes quite eager to arrive at the front lines, which soon happens.
Fear is a powerful emotion. Fear causes society to do unthinkable things. It can cause people to think and act irrationally, as well as bring about panic and induce terror in society. When we think of fear, we think of something that scares us in response to an event that has taken place. According to Psychology Today, “Fear is an emotional response induced by a perceived threat, which causes a change in brain and organ function, as well as in behavior”. Although fear is an awful thing to experience and it can bring about negative changes, it can also have a positive effect on society. 9/11 and the Charlottesville massacre both were terrorist attacks that created a sense of fear in America. These attacks led the public to search for a way to
They needed to do the study to compare panic and change in panic during therapy. One of the models was a catastrophic cognitions model, which deals with the reduction of the catastrophic beliefs that will have the patient experience less severe panic attacks. The second model within this study is a low self-efficacy model. The self-efficacy model calculates individuals over a certain period of time and when the period of time is complete the information that was collected forms a relation between the variables. The hypothesis of the study is to compare and contrast the changes in the catastrophic beliefs and
The purpose of testing the deterrence doctrine is to conclude if individual characteristics are directly tied with the weight individuals place on new information pertaining to their risk perception. According to Thomas, Loughran, and Piquero (2013), “This research has examined how the cognitive decisions of adolescent offenders are influenced by judgement processes, including risk perceptions.” In this study, there are three hypotheses. Hypothesis number one holds that how an individual responds to new experiences and information will differ from person to person and as a result, risk perceptions will vary from person to person. (Thomas, Loughran, and Piquero. 2013. Page 13) Hypothesis number two(a) holds that both psychological factors and cognitive factors play a role in determining an individual’s risk perceptions, and that people with anxiety, behavioral problems, and low verbal IQ will possess low risk perceptions. (Thomas, Loughran, and Piquero. 2013. Page 13) Hypothesis number 2(b) holds essentially the opposite of hypothesis 2(a)., in that individuals with
The combination of susceptibility and severity has been labeled as perceived threat. Perceived benefits are defined as the belief in how
I agree that fear is a great motivator to persuade a group of people in a certain direction. Fear is used in parenting, government, and everyday life to make a group of people conform to a set a rules perceived as correct by a society or community. Fear can be used to warn us of something or it can manipulate us into making decisions that we normally would not make. In this case, fear was used to make sure individuals did not participate in witchcraft and continued to practice Christianity.
However, in modern society, for most of us, most of the time, the threats we face are psychological. We face fears that we escalate in our own minds. We face choice amongst an overwhelming variety of information that competes for our attention. We are overwhelmed with demands on our time, energy, and attention.
Fear is a feeling created in a response to a perceived danger. Fear can produce pleasure, heighten awareness, be in the form of phobia, a fear of the unknown and an instinctual response to danger.
Being frightened is a feeling you can’t buy. 13% of people are affected by a persistent fear, which means that two out of sixteen people in speech suffer from a persistent fear. A recent poll I took showed that nearly 85% of the fourth hour speech class suffers from at least one fear. After extensive research from multiple medical sites, I learned a lot of information about three different phobias. Three different fears of school-aged children are arachnophobia, atychiphobia, and hemophobia.
According to the author, being frightened can be good for your health. Being scared can actually be a benefit upon your life. Scary stuff can cause your body to produce healthy chemicals that make you feel happy and secure. It often makes us jump. This reaction is provoked by fear.
The theory of cognitive dissonance suggests that individuals in dangerous jobs or employment must choose between two conflicting cognitions. Based on one cognition, ego is an intelligent individual who would not choose to get employed in an unsafe place. On the other hand, the second cognition is one in which if the employee continues to work in a dangerous job, he/she will attempt to ignore the cognition that the particular job or employment is dangerous (Akerlof & Dickens, 2001).