In a study done 14 months after a natural disaster, depression was found to be prevalent among first responders who also were local residents of where the disaster took place. The participants were from three different groups. The first was 610 local municipality workers, the second was 421 medical workers, and the third was 327 firefighters. All were given a self-administered questionnaire. The results indicate that higher levels of depression are more significant in medical personnel versus firefighters (Sakuma, 2015)
Psychological
According to research conducted by insert names here, pre-employment personality traits can easily predict posttraumatic stress symptoms among firefighters and military as the symptoms develop. Job duration and heightened level of emotional stress are also predicting traits among experienced firefighters. Police officers are considered a high-risk group where definite identifying predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder are present. Predictors that were included in the study were the following variables: intrusions, impairment-index, functioning, age and gender (Schutte, 2011). Intrusions were the significant predictor, as the officers are exposed to high-risk trauma repeatedly.
In another study in which 267 participants from a large urban fire department in the southeastern United States participated, results failed to show that levels of social support can be a predictor of the onset of PTSD (Farnsworth, 2011). A separate study
"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)", Retrieved May 27, 2013, from the WebMD Website: HYPERLINK "http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd" http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd
In regards to the Civil War veterans he saw, Rev. J.L. Burrows once said, "It is not in human nature to be contented under physical restraints." This quote perfectly describes the feelings of soldiers taken prisoner during the Civil War. Many of these captives harbored feelings of resentment towards their captors, despite relatively mild prison camp conditions. However, these feelings of resentment soon turned to animosity as conditions went from mildly inconvenient to hellish nightmares. This will become apparent when given the history of the prison camps and examples of two of the worst offenders - Confederate led Andersonville in the South and Union run Elmira to the North. These fiendish prisons and their practices would leave a wound
Most firefighters are known to not be open with sharing how they feel because it can possibly ruin their reputation as a firefighter and in the firehouse. It was not until military personnel were presenting symptoms that are currently known to be associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Meroney presents the article with a list of the most common signs that can be observed in the firefighter. Signs such as substance abuse, depression, suicidal thoughts, and loneliness, once these signs are present try to talk with the firefighter and see what is affecting them. They need professional help to cure this disorder. The fire service is known to be a large family that watches out for each other, the National Fallen Firefighter Foundation created the 16 Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives. In which, number 13- behavioral health, this initiative helps prevents firefighter’s deaths. Meroney basically goes over the basics of
Morris states that the worst things in the world enter the brain in an instant, though it may take the rest of someone’s life to understand what they saw (Morris 45). Monjaraz says that he saw brutal things and did not get affected by it until the night time came around. He cried in his sleep, made groaning noises, mumbled things and had night sweats (Monjaraz). Morris states that fundamentally, we do not know why some people are damaged by terror and some are not. He adds that according to the Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, the
The harmful effects of being exposed to combat is one of the reasons why Veterans start to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and are unable to get back to their everyday lives. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), is known to be very usual amongst veterans in combat. Aggressive or violent behavior in individuals with PTSD is the beginning of many marital problems and the effects of PTSD on relationship functioning include emotional detachment, decreased expressiveness, increased aggressive behavior, or violence. Further research is needed to detect features that set apart violent veterans with PTSD against violent veterans that do not have PTSD so that we can better grasp the possible distinctive approaches and signs for
Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, is a delayed stress reaction in which an individual involuntarily re-experiences emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects of past trauma. An emotional memory contributes to the lasting quality of most traumatic memories. Having lived through a natural disaster, survived a life-threatening accident or witnessed another person being killed or badly injured are traumas described by PTSD victims most frequently. They are different experiences that cause this disorder. In men it’s usually a physical attack, military combat, disaster or fire or being held captive or hostage. For women it would be rape, sexual molestation, physical abuse and neglect during childhood. Women are more than likely to develop
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that can develop after an individual experiences or witnesses a traumatic event. PTSD is a mental disorder that people may develop after experiencing one or more traumatic events such as acts of interpersonal violence, severe accidents, natural disasters, or a military related experience (Gaskell, 2005). Exposure to traumatic stressors does not always bring about Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder but when symptoms prevent an individual from participating in everyday life, they have developed the mental disorder (Ford, 2015). It is important to note that those at risk of PTSD include not only those who are directly affected by a horrific event, but also witnesses to a traumatic act, perpetrators who may commit a traumatic act, and those who help PTSD sufferers; like first responders who may experience vicarious traumatization after helping those in need (Gaskell, 2005).
The Things They Carried, is about soldiers in the middle of the Vietnam War just trying to survive. These soldiers carried many things ranging from the physical items of war to the emotional and mental stress that comes along with the terrifying events of war. “They carried all they could bear, and then some, including a silent awe for the terrible power of the things they carried.”(O’Brien 7) I believe that O’brien gives detailed examples of PTSD, even in his own life.
Many people experiencing P.T.S.D. experience it as a result of seeing a loved one injured or killed (Regehr 676). By seeing his brother Allie die of Leukemia at the age of 11, Holden experiences trauma. According to studies, the degrees of symptoms depend on the proximity of trauma exposure and the number of which one is exposed to (676). Holden’s trauma was very severe because it was his brother, who he was very close to, that passed away. In addition to experiencing his brother’s death, Holden also encounters a boy, James Castle, who jumps to his death while wearing Holden’s sweater (Salinger 170). Holden has been faced with two traumatic events in his life, one involving a person very close to him, therefore, this significantly increases his risk of P.T.S.D.
War is a complex concept that is increasingly difficult to understand, particularly in an age that allows for live images of combat to be beamed around the world. Many war films depict the brutalities of war and affects war has on participants, but it seems that these representations merely skim the surface. The 20th century is an era that saw a significant amount of military action: World Wars I and II, the Cold War, Vietnam, and the Gulf War - millions of men fought, some survived and live among us today. Unfortunately, the war experience for many veterans is traumatizing and as a result, many have been diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This
The major depressive disorder that I chose for my final paper is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, or more commonly known as PSTD. This is a very complex disorder and effects men, women, and children alike. Most people associate PSTD with servicemen or women returning from defending our country. However, statistics show these people do experience PTSD, they are not the only people this disorder effects. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a reaction a person has after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic, life changing event. This a relatively new disorder to psychologists, along with the causes and treatment plan. Due to the external trauma a person has experienced, PTSD is very complex and unique, making it a very different disorder to study and treat. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder involves a series of symptoms that develop from intensely fearful, horrific, and uncontrolled trauma where the person felt like their life was in danger, they were injured or they felt they would be injured, or they witnesses a death or injury to others. Although the majority of the population will be) affected by trauma at some point in their life, the impact of these experiences will vary from person to person, due to a person’s family characteristics, environment, and available formal and informal resources accessed.
The Fire Service has been around a long time. It is well known that Firemen work long hours and are constantly put in stressful situations (i.e. fire suppression, medical aids, crash rescue) as a part of their daily job. Frequent exposure to these stressful events puts Firefighters at an increased risk of posttraumatic symptomology (Wagner, Mcfee, & Martin, 2010, p. 26). The primary purpose of this study was to add to previous research done by Brown, Mulhern, & Joseph, 2002; Corneil, Beaton, Murphy, Johnson, & pike, 1999; Emmons & Diener, 1986; and Haslam & Mallon, 2003, but also to address some discrepancies they had with sampling bias in previous research (e.g., Corneil et al., 1999) (Wagner et al.,2010). All of the previous studies found that Firefighters were at greater risk of getting PTSD and used similar methods in regards to acquiring their data (Wagner et al., 2010).
According to Dr. Baranosky, post-traumatic stress disorder can be considered as “brain injury” related to mental problems, such as emotional disorders and fanciful psychological behaviors. The root of PTSD is usually the experience of extremely shocking events which cause severe concussion in human 's brain and consciousness. The patients could be the witnesses of dire deaths of their teammates during the wars or a natural disaster, for example an earthquake, a tsunami, a volcanic eruption, in which they feel that their life is in danger and they are desperate to do anything. In addition, physical injuries or diagnosis of serious illness can also bring about post-traumatic stress disorders. Those victims, who suffer from PTSD, usually experience uncomfortable memories, distressing feelings, nightmares, loss of concentration and guilty feelings, (2012, pp.11).
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition develops after a person is exposed to one or more traumatic events, (either experiencing it or witnessing it). Symptoms may include disturbing recurring flashbacks, severe anxiety, hyper arousal and nightmare, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a serious disorder in which a person is unable to recoup or recover from a traumatic or terrifying experience. People who suffer from this disorder may relive their traumatic experience in forms of nightmares, flashbacks, or memories. Many associate Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with soldiers. However, anyone can develop the debilitating disorder after a traumatic experience. But, not everyone who goes through a traumatic experience will get the PTSD. Chances of developing the disorder can depend on one’s personality to family history, etc... In addition, the disorder may lead to depression or anxiety if left untreated. This paper explores the psychological effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,