It has been known that the growth and development of muscle of pigs essentially requires dietary supply of proteins, or its small subunits, which are amino acids (AA). There are 20 AA that serve as building blocks for protein biosynthesis, but not all AA are essential amino acids (EAA) required from diets because pigs can de novo synthesize 10 of them. (Liao et al., 2015). In addition, the EAA are defined as those AA that require to be supplied in diets exogenously because pigs cannot synthesize them or cannot be synthesized sufficiently for their metabolic requirements (Wang et al., 2014). Among these essential AAs, lysine is the first limiting amino acid in swine diets because it is the most deficient AA in nearly all typical swine diets …show more content…
Huyghebaert (1993) stated that the bioefficacy of two nutrient sources should only be compared when the basal diet is clearly deficient in the nutrient to be tested. Baker (1986) suggested that the basal diet should provide approximately 30 to 70% of animal nutrient requirement. Some of studies supplied only 58% of the lysine requirement of 10 to 20 kg pigs based on NRC 1998 (Liu et al., 2007), or only 55% of the lysine requirement of 10 to 20 kg pigs based on NRC 1998 (Smiricly-Tjardes et al., 2004), whereas this study basal diet supplied 75% of SID lysine requirement for 30 to 90 kg pigs based on NRC 2012.
Lysine is the first limiting AA in corn-soybean meal based diets for pigs. Therefore, L-lysine supplementation to swine diets become a common practice to meet lysine requirements in livestock industry. Several studies indicated that increasing Lys levels from lysine deficient basal diets improve ADG, feed efficiency, and nitrogen retention (Kirchgessner and Roth, 1996; Liu et al., 2007). However, when alternative sources are considered to be replace L-Lys HCl, their bioefficacy evaluation of alternative products should be tested because it will guarantee that accurate nutrient contents of those products are supplied correctly in the feed formulation.
Alternative sources of L-Lys have been compared with standard L-lysine HCl to evaluate their bioefficacy of supplemental L-Lys in different livestock species. In this study, over the 9 wk of
Major food corporations with the mantra of “feeding the world” have started a cycle of chemical abuse and sterilization of the earth. Frances Moore Lappé talks about this in his article, Diet Of The Small Planet, giving readers the harsh reality that our increasing meat centered diets are causing. The consumption of meat has been linked to the single-minded belief that beef/ham/chicken were the only source of “much needed protein.” According to the data that Lappé has gathered though, this “meat principle” could not be further from the truth. For instance, take the fact that a cow needs to ingest “21 pounds of [plant protein from grains] in order to produce 1 pound of protein for human consumption.” (Lappé) In fact, all the grains grown in the US that are supposedly suppose to “feed the world” at least “78%” (Lappé) is given to livestock as feed. This ridiculousness is further emphasized when Lappé mentions the stark contrast of livestock to the protein producing ability of plants per acre. The protein production of “cereals, legumes and leafy vegetables” easily produce up to “15 times more protein per acre” (Lappé) than the average piece of meat. The most startling example of the protein conversion inefficiency of meat through comes from the comparison to Spinach, which Lappé notes, is actually able to produces “26 times more protein per
When eating anything, most people check the labels to see what the food all consists of. Just like when eating hamburger, some people may want to know if the hamburger came from grass-fed or grain-fed cattle. Depending on the person, they might prefer one over the other. Some people may think that one tastes better than the other or they may just think it is healthier. Not only might the meat coming from the cattle be affected, but also the milk coming from a cow. Either way, further explanations for grass-fed vs. grain-fed cattle will be discussed in this paper.
Horrigan, L., Lawrence, R., & Walker, P. (2002). How sustainable agriculture can address the environmental and human health harms of industrial agriculture. Environmental Health Perspective. In this article, Horrigan agrees with Pollan that there is definitely a problem with using corn-based feed for animals who are to then be fed to human beings. Specifically, Horrigan examines both animal feed and the danger of other forms of pollution which have an impact on human food production and eventual consumption. The authors make the claim that animal consumption itself is highly dangerous and perhaps should be universally abolished in order to help the environment in terms of pollutants and to help humans in their health concerns.
Feral pigs were introduced by the early European settlers in 1788. Pigs were used as domesticated companions of the Europeans as they moved around Australia. After time, these animals escaped from captivity and their population began to increase dramatically. Feral pigs have a huge negative impact on the native vegetation, environment and agriculture. They have very destructive habits when feeding and foraging. They can cause erosion of soil and fouling of watering points with their wallowing.
The last forty-five years has seen a significant increase in world animal protein production. Since 1967 global production of poultry meat has increased by around 700%, eggs by 350%, pig meat by 290%, sheep and goat meat by 200%, beef and buffalo meat by 180% and milk by 180%. Livestock are increasingly important to the food security of millions of people. (Leyonhjelm 3)
This paper will focus on some important nutrients that are important for general health: fiber and protein. My personal daily intake will be analyzed to determine what foods are providing the right type of proteins and fiber, and how food consumption might be adjusted to provide for a healthier nutrient intake. It is important to state at the outset that the nutrient intake that is being used for this analysis is only for a one-day period. However, it will provide some insight into my eating habits and how those habits might be improved from a scientific standpoint.
A Pig’s Perspective is about one pig’s revenge on barbecue. A Pig’s Perspective is a very humorous personal story from Pollan. It is a tale of his pet pig, Kosher. Kosher escaped one summer day and followed the scent of a barbecue at a neighbor’s yard. He knocked over the barbecue grill and made off with the meat that was being cooked. His neighbor found the pig’s transgression very comical. Pollan suggests that the deed was the pig’s vengeance.
dictated how we cultivate, process and prepare the food we eat. The commonly eaten corn-fed meat has an abundance of saturated fat while containing less healthy omega-3 fatty acids. There is a prevalence of heart disease when there is too high a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3. This ratio has increased from 1 to 1 to an alarming 10 to 1 in the contemporary diet of many Americans. Just as concerning is the fact the cattle develop resistant strains of bacteria as a result of including corn in cattle feed. Consequently, becoming resistant by the use of antibiotics, such as Tylosin which is used to prevent bloat, which results from feeding cattle with corn, which leads to the development
This paper is intended to explain my nutritional endeavor for the past three days. I will be providing different aspects of my nutritional needs and an in depth analysis on how proteins fats carbohydrates and fiber take part in an everyday diet and what are these functions. This is intended to broaden my views of a healthy lifestyle, and how to achieve it through a variety of food groups. In this essay the resources utilized where provided by the educational institute with the purpose of facilitating my research objectives.
Amino Acids are essential nutrients that are the primary building blocks of proteins found in meat, dairy products, and legumes. Proteins make up 20 percent of the human body, and the amino acids that make up these proteins play a critical
|findings that would be | |half of their diet in carbohydrates, proteins, fats,|vitamins A and C , meats 5 oz., fruits and vegetables |
This paper was prepared for HPE Nutrition 225 (Mindless Eating Book Report) taught by Mr. Ray Poteet
Will a nutritional supplement have the same effects as directly consuming beneficia? It is possible that the production and refinement of the beneficia plant will remove essential components and may reduce the efficaciousness of the beneficia plant. Moreover, the amount of such a supplement required to acheive satisfactory results would need to be empirically tested before a dosage recommendation could be made. Further study is needed to determine if a supplement will acheive the desired results equivelant to the consumption of the actual beneficia
Guinea pigs are up day and night; they sleep when they want for how long they want. They can be kept inside and outside. They like to run around the yard and eat the grass. They need to be picked up with care. They’re lazy and constantly want food. Guinea pigs require a big cage due to their size. They love to be played with and held. Their cage requires a cleaning schedule. A guinea pig’s lifespan is about six to eight
Pigs are unable to move in their cages. The baby pig ears, tails are cut off and their teeth are chopped off to prevent them from harming other pigs. They are castrated without any pain killer. The baby pigs are given antibiotics to promote rapid growth. Their body grows, so fast, the legs become crippled. Many pigs are ill, but are kept alive to be shipped off to slaughter to get a profit. The pigs that did not make it to slaughter are shot with a gun to prevent them from eating the farmer’s feed. Pigs are abused by beating them with a gate rod to be moved from one place to another. Most pigs arrive at the slaughter lame or dead from the crowdedness during transporting. Pigs are electrically shocked to move on the killing floor of the slaughtering