The History Of Deng Xiaoping

Mao Zedong, the leader of China during the third quarter of the 20th century, organized two movements in his country in an attempt to develop China 's economy through the establishment of communism. Through The Great Leap Forward, Mao planned to change the layout of the Chinese economy by forcing collectivism on his country and implementing other ways to speed up production. Since this movement failed, he then implemented The Cultural Revolution. It consisted of the same goals but was carried out through violence and was also an utter failure. These two movements failed because of the lack of organization with which they were performed. This lack of organization manifested itself in a number of different ways. The government did not care about their people, the reforms themselves were not planned out in detail, the government did not think about the spontaneity of young people, they did not consider the effect violence would have on their country, they did not realize the decline in education that would result from the participation of students in the revolution, they did not plan well economically, they did not examine the negative effects of communes, and they did not foresee the large number of deaths that would plague their country. Although designed to rapidly increase China 's economic growth through communism, the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution had the opposite effects and significantly diminished China 's economy. The two direct causes of the failure

Ai Weiwei held a campaign sought to expose the Chinese government attempt to cover up a tragedy after an Earthquake of 2008. He recorded, related information through social sites about the police actions towards him about his concern. He was beaten by police and harassed by the government for his “art” and public statements through photographs he took. Weiwei’s artwork is an example of how the economy and political system shapes the art world in ways of support, challenging and promoting them. Governments will at times suppress art and artists who challenge them, as we have seen with the Chinese government and Weiwei. Since art is a powerful medium of communication, it critiques society of political and economic institutions.

China's transition from the leadership under the iron fist of Mao Zedong to the more liberal Deng Xiao Ping gave the People's Republic a gradual increase in economic freedom while maintaining political stability. During Mao's regime, the country focused on bolstering and serving the community, while subsequently encumbering individual growth and prosperity. Deng advocated a more capitalist economic ideology, which established China as an economic force in the global community while endowing its citizens with more liberties and luxuries than previously granted.

use and not to use. This however does not mean that Mao made good decisions.

Deng Xiaoping became leader in 1978 and he made it his mission to remake china as a thriving integrated nation rather than how Mao left it after his death in 1978 – isolated and impoverished.

However, the trend of domestic instability continued with the Cultural Revolution of 1966-1976, in which attempts to remove class differences became catastrophic for the country’s economy, culture, and education. It also led to tremendous political upheaval due to a score of “counter revolutionary” party members and intellectuals being persecuted and tortured by the Red Guards (Wang 29). Mao’s ineffective and often harsh domestic policies left the country in chaos until Deng Xiaoping came into power (Lin 205). China’s turbulent domestic situation also resulted in a 30-year period of isolation, in which there was no foreign economic presence whatsoever (Lin 203).

Mao Zedong’s rise to political power as chairmen of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), was made possible by the failings of the GouMinDan (GMD). After the fall of the Qing dynasty, in 1911, China fell into disarray where warlords had power, rather than a national government. Sun Yat-sen began a nationalist group whose militaristic tacts allowed them to unite china under a singular party, the GMD. Despite many revolutionary promises very little positive changes were made by Chiang Kai-shek, who became leader of the GMD in 1925.However because of the party’s lack of political knowledge and poor socio-economic abilities the GMD’s rule was a failure. Mao used this to project his own ideology on China in the form of Maoism. Mao’s ability to take advantage of China’s bad situation allowed him to receive the support he required in order to rise to power.

Surprisingly, China’s new leader, Deng Xiaoping, initiated new economic reforms. He freed the Chinese market and opened it to the west, a strange move coming from a communist party. Such an act raised the public’s hopes for political reforms, in which Wei Jingsheng, a human activist, found it dubious. Nevertheless, the economic reforms triggered a series of protests in 1989--

The Great Leap Forward (i.e the Five Year Plan) was a way for Mao to change China from a farming country into an industrialized one through collectivisation. This was when peasants were forced into communes and were forced them to learn farming methods. This plan was a huge failure on Mao’s part and it caused around forty-three million deaths as well as a man made famine. Liu was now the president of the Chinese Communist Party, but Mao didn’t just leave the CCP after giving up his presidential title. He ended up taking a chair position. Mao gave responsibility for the economy to President Liu and Deng, who was now CCP General Secretary. After the responsibility was handed over Mao left the political scene. Liu and Deng both accepted that Mao's reforms had gone too far in a very short amount of time. To combat the famine that was occurring Liu and Deng brought in Chen Yu, who was a Chinese expert in agriculture. Chen recommended that free markets should be allowed to help the famine. This would allow farmers to sell their products and make some profits as well as increase production. Land was also restored to the peasants and this would allow increases of food being produced. Liu also became deputy chairman as well as president, but in 1966 however, things took a turn for the worst for

The Cultural Revolution did nothing for the economy except for eliminating millions of people, allowing for more money to go elsewhere. However, after Mao’s death and post Cultural Revolution, Xiaoping was able to pick up the pieces and once again reform China, but this time in a more positive way. “China’s economy has been growing so fast that, even though inequality is rising fast, extreme poverty is disappearing. China pulled 680m people out of misery in 1981-2010, and reduced its extreme-poverty rate from 84% in 1980 to 10% now” (Economist). Xiaoping helped China’s economy grow to what it is today, and because of that growth he was able to pull many of China’s poorest people out of their extremely poor living conditions. China wasn’t doing too well prior to the Cultural Revolution with many of the people being oppressed, and the Cultural Revolution only worsened China’s state. However, after Mao and the Cultural Revolution vanquished, Xiaoping was able to boost the country’s economy and this paved the way for many of China’s poorest people to improve their life. The boost in the economy meant more money, which was needed to support their extremely large

Deng created socialism intertwined with communism. He wanted the government to still have most of the control over the people, but less control over farming and industry. This way the people would be able to sell their goods. He wanted more businesses in China, even with foreigners. Deng was the first to bring capitalism into China. He is known as the man that brought China up from being a third world county to one of top economic leaders in the world.

Following Mao, Deng Xiaoping’s focus was on the “invigoration of china” and he coined this term after his goal was to restore China from many damages caused in the Cultural Revolution of Mao. He saw very high levels of growth in the economy by reducing the role of the state in the economy (Wang, 2013; Krieger, Kesselmen and William, 2013). However, tragedy in Tiananmen Square shook the growing progress of Xiaoping, although Chinese government saw their brutal tactics and use of force as necessary to secure national stability (Krieger, Kesselmen and William, 2013). Deng Xiaoping’s successor, Jiang Zemin, reiterated the idea of the Chinese Dream by promoting the “great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation” which ultimately focused on everything anti-western, as Western powers were scene as the “source of China’s backwardness and suffering” (Wang, 2013). This was a major contrast to Deng Xiaoping’s view, which was that China’s ‘backwardness’ was rooted in the cultural revolutions and the problems that arose there. The next attempt at achieving the Chinese Dream came with Hu Jintao and his attempt to

“I don’t care if the cat is black or white, I just want it to kill the mice.” - Deng Xiaoping.

The goals of Deng Xiaoping’s economic reform were the ‘Four Modernizations’. This Four Modernization refers to the reform of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science technology. These reforms were to solve the problems of motivating workers and farmers to produce a larger surplus and to eliminate economic imbalances that were common in command economies.

China is one of the major economical players in today’s international market. China’s economy is the “seconds largest in the world after the United States” (Joseph, 63). This is a striking achievement due to fact that China is a “developing country”. China has achieved a great amount of success through the collaboration of political and economical regimes. The economical growth in China led to “one of the biggest improvements in human welfare anywhere at anytime” (Kristof, 15). Currently, China is experiencing a real-estate bubble. This eventually will hit a climax, disrupting the real-estate market within China. This real estate bubble that China is undergoing is considered one of the "biggest housing