The Hittites: Key Players In Naming

The ancient civilizations of the Ancient Egypt, as well as the great Mesopotamia, are the world’s greatest civilization as recorded by history. The civilization was highly facilitated by rivers which cut across their land. The Euphrates, Nile, as well as Tigris, constantly moving along the river banks which in turn resulted in the adjoining land is extremely fertile (Backman). This led to flourishment and development of Ur and Eriku cities in Mesopotamia as well as the city of Thebes in Egypt (Backman). The Nile was very significant in Ancient Egypt as it made invasion by enemies impossible due to its marshy deltas (Backman). On the other hand, Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia differed fundamentally in many aspects more specifically in how their societies were structured, cultural orientation, religion, technological experiences, literature, and art among other things (Backman). This paper will center on examining these differences as well as similarities between these two regions as well as what they communicate concerning the circumstances that people from these two regions faced.

Egypt came out victorious and captured the city of Megiddo. Cline then shifts gears to the Hittites A typical misconception would be that the Hittites were from Canaan, because the Bible suggests it: “The Hittites were known to biblical scholars because of their mention in the Hebrew Bible”(33). Cline, however, states that he doesn't know “how the Bible could have gotten it so wrong”(33). Cline again shifts gears to the Mycenaeans. Many archaeologists are still stumped as to the rise of the Mycenaean civilization, but Cline claims that it’s due to their taking of control “over the trade routes to Egypt and the Near East from the

The HIttites were one of the great empires of the Middle East during 1400- 1200 BC. THey rested within the lands of modern Turkey and Syria. They adopted some of the traditions of Mesopotamia (i.e. cuneiform writing). Widely known for their use and manufacturing of iron, the Hittites were also famous for their chariot building. The Hittite empire soon fell to the Assyrians.

In 1950, V Gordon Childe drew up a list of traits of to what he considered to be the common characteristics of early civilizations. According to Fagan & Scarre, a recent archaeologist Charles Redman divided Childe’s list into primary and secondary characteristics. The primary characteristics included cities and states, together with full-time specialization of labor, concentration of surplus, and a class-structured society. For the secondary, the characteristics included symptoms or by-products of these major economic and organizational changes: monumental public works, long-distance trade, standardized monumental artworks, writing, and the sciences (arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy)(Scarre and Fagan 2003). One of the most common characteristics involve was a large, dense population living in a city. This essay well state and describe two early cities in Mesopotamia and explore the layouts and characteristics of these two cities. Also, whether each city is unique or share common characteristics with each other. The two cities are Maskan-shapir and Ur.

Hittites was led by King Hattusili initially and was later ran by his grandson Mursili I. Hittites started to expand southward at which time they ran into conflict with Egyptians. Pharaoh Ramesses II, created a large army to defeat the Hittites however the final outcome was that neither could defeated the other. Egyptian and Hittites kings came to a peace treaty but that would only last for so long. Egyptian seafaring people started to raid and migrate into the Mediterranean area, this coupled with the expansion of Assyrians led to the destruction of Hittites Empire.

The Hittites were an Indo-European, speaking a language that was related to the Greek and Sanskrit. The Hittites adopted Mesopotamian writing along with many other aspects of the Mesopotamian culture, including polytheism. The discovery of iron was found in the Hittites region, somewhat before the creation of their kingdom. The discovery led to the making of iron weapons and tools rather than copper ones. The Discovery of the iron led to the beginning of the Iron Age. Other ancient societies that were polytheistic were the Persians, and the Assyrians.

My investigation begins in Mesopotamia were two large states had formed around 2300 B.C. The Sumerian cities in the area were very wealthy and this wealth “attracted non-Sumerian conquerors from the north.” (“Empires

b) Another well-known title attested in the Middle Kingdom is imy-rA AH(w)t “overseer of elds.” Grajetzki discussed in detail this title which started to appear during the Old Kingdom and continued to be used in the Second Intermediate period. This speci c title was irregularly used at the royal court during the Twelfth Dynasty, but afterwards, during the Thirteenth Dynasty, it became one of the most attested court positions.51 As Grajetzki mentioned, there is a clear indication that the overseer of elds can also possess a religious position. The stela here is an evident example as its owner is “an overseer of elds” and a “great wab-priest.”52 The “overseer of elds” was classi ed below the administration of the vizier in ranking and that

“The Flow of History." FC15: The Persian Empire (c.550-330 BCE) -. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Sept. 2015. .

Anatolian communities began to develop agriculture in the 8th century B.C. The Anatolians became big trading partners with the people of Sumer due to their large supply of minerals and precious metals from the mountains. Later, at around 2000 B.C., the success of these river valleys attracted the Indo-European tribe of the Hittites. The Hittite empire dominated for 450 years, conquered Babylon, and was even able to fight Egypt to a draw. The accomplishments of the Hittites survived in future advanced cultures like the use of iron and chariots in war. The Persians, Greeks, and Assyrians were a few of the peoples that later came to take the place of the Hittites. Around the time the Greeks came to power was where many of the greatest accomplishments were made. Two of the seven wonders of the world were built in Asia Minor. They were the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus and the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus in Caria. The first western philosopher, Thales, was born in Ionia and began scientific inquiry and methods. “Herodotus, the `Father of History' was born at Halicarnassus.(Mark)” Pythagoras was also born in Asia Minor, and the apostle Paul was born in Cilicia. The idea of coinage began in Asia Minor, which is the trade of coined money and goods. When Rome took over, roads and cities improved and Christianity prospered. Later, the Byzantine and Ottoman empires rose and fell until the Turks took full

The Babylonians are located in modern Iraq and are also known as the Mesopotamians. Mesopotamia means in between the rivers and the Babylonians were in between of Euphrates and Tigris rivers. The Babylonians took over the Fertile Crescent and transmitted their culture there. The people had surplus of food that could be traded. Just as the Babylonians had a great geography and were powerful so were the Hittites.

The Hittites were a fierce civilization living around 1650 to 1200 B.C. They came into Asia Minor with strong powers and beliefs. Most people fell under the reign of the Hittite civilization. The Hittite people were more advanced than other cultures in their technologies and skill levels. They were highly respected for these certain aspects and qualities. Their power grew as they processed new ideas and processes. The Hittites had great authority over people and that led them to be an almighty and powerful civilization that affected people centuries after their reign.

The Hittites were an extremely advanced civilization. Not only were they able to manipulate iron, they were able to modify and improve a well known piece of technology, the horse drawn chariot. Due to the modifications they to made to the horse drawn chariot, the Hittites greatly increased their firepower. By running the axle across the middle of the chariot rather than its back, the chariot was able to support the addition of a third man. This allowed two men to fight the enemy while a third drove the chariot, increasing their firepower capabilities.

The most significant event was the unknown invaders that obliterated the Hittite Kingdom in 1200 B.C.E. I found it quite surprising that this particular moment in time created such a cataclysmic domino effect throughout all civilizations that existed. The refugees from the collateral damage of war that caused them to relocate to other places created more conflict. Syria with Ugarit being the other civilizations that got decimated in this war. Other parts of the world lost vital trade connections with Egypt after its war with Libyans and other civilizations. I found it interesting that one event affected so many influential cultures enough to where they all descended into the Dark

“The Persians are losing the engagement, but the valiant horseman is clearly holding his own; the nude figure, rather than representing a known Macedonian, is a brave Graeco-Macedonian warrior about the meet a noble death. ” In this description, Waldemar Heckel describes one of the battle scenes on the Alexander Sarcophagus, a piece which has much meaning in the study of Alexander the Great and the lives of the ancient Greeks and Persians as a whole. The artifact has speculative ties to the ancient kings Abdalonymus and Mazaeus. To begin with, this paper will discuss the embellishment and making of the Sarcophagus, the locational and creator’s information, and the accuracy of the Wikipedia page on the sarcophagus. Following this, the paper examines any information lacking in the Wikipedia article, facts which could be added and enhanced, and the relations between Persians and Greeks and how they impacted ancient Greek society. Moreover, this paper will examine the Alexander Sarcophagus through the lens of information available to individuals online, more specifically referring to its Wikipedia article. Analyzing the Wikipedia article on the Alexander Sarcophagus shows a view of the artifact which contains many flaws.