Topic: What are the systems and supports that continuation high schools provide to students that address the issue of dropping out ? What are the factors that contribute to students dropping out?
Literature Review
Introduction
Education reform has been at the forefront of federal legislation for the past few decades. Despite the academic gains made since the enactment of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB; a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act first enacted in 1965 and reauthorized in 1994), nearly one-third of all high school students leave the public school system before graduating (Orfield, Losen, and Swanson, 2004), and the problem is particularly severe among students of color and students with disabilities (Greene & Winters, 2005). By the end of the 2011 school year it is estimated that more than 1.2 million of the nation’s students would decide to dropout of high school (Altenbaugh, Engel & Martin (1995); Cortez and Cortez (2004). One of the greatest challenges for educators and educational institutions revolves around dropout prevention and ensuring students are enrolled through high school until they graduate. In California continuation high schools are invisible school settings due to the perception communities have established overtime. However, state school authorities estimate that over 115,000 California high school students will pass through one of the state’s 519 continuation high schools each year, either on their way to
In a society which is relying increasingly on education, graduating high school is quickly becoming an important accolade to ensure a student’s success in society. According to a study completed in July of 2011, high school dropouts cost between $320 billion and $350 billion annually in lost wages, taxable income, health, welfare and incarceration costs. (Zhao, 2011) As well as the financial impact, there are many other aspects that should be addressed when looking at high school dropout rates. The most prevalent example is the fact that systematically, the education system has shown significant signs of unbalance in the distribution of dropout rates across different races and or ethnicities. In 2009, 4.8 percent of of blacks and 5.8 percent of Hispanics between 15 and 24 dropped out of grades 10-12, compared with 2.4 percent for white students. (Zhao, 2011) With statistics like this, it is important that we not only ensure our education system is operating in a successful way, but also providing equal education and opportunities for students of all races, ethnicities, income levels, and religious backgrounds. By examining our education system, we as educators will be able to address and hopefully resolve the issues related to the unequal dropout rates in high schools across the nation.
Two researchers, Dynarski and Gleason (1998), made an argument concerning dropout prevention programs, with the focus on the populations of alternative schools with a different perspective. They found that students labeled at risk in their programs also had other concerns such as high academic achievement and high expectations for their future. Alternative schools and programs have evolved through the years to address a variety of student issues from within and outside the school environment. While the definitions of current alternative school and programs are varied, several common characteristics are among the options currently in existence (Young. T 1990). The students within alternative school require a specific education program that will provide them with their best chance at success. Programs that include individualized, flexible plans with clear expectations, an emphasis on student personal care, and
After watching the short film “The Middle School Moment,” and hearing the research finding of Dr. Robert Balfanz, took me by surprise on how serious the issue about kids dropping out is. I found it shocking in discovering that about 7,000 students dropped out of school everyday. Not only that but the fact that their personal lives and society play a huge role in their decisions, which schools tend to ignore. Another thing that I found interesting about the video was the prevention program that was adopted by Middle School 244 in the Bronx, and how it gave struggling students like Omarina Cabrera, the opportunity to continue their education after having issues preventing them from getting a proper education.
In October 2000, the overall picture of high school dropouts had changed little since the late 1980s (Kaufman et al. 2001): For every 100 young adults enrolled in high school in October 1999, 5 had left school without completing a program; of 34.6 million U.S. young adults aged 16-24, 3.8 million—almost 11 percent—had not completed high school and were not enrolled. Some studies have shown that students in schools with a concentration of multiple risk factors (e.g., large schools, large classes, high poverty, inner city location) have less than one chance in two of graduating from high school; furthermore, the economic costs of dropping out have increased as time goes on (Castellano et al. 2001). Adjusting for 50
The American public educational system is filled with an assortment of problems. Most students are graduating with less knowledge and capability than similar students in other industrialized countries. Classroom disruptions are surprisingly common, and in some classrooms, nearly continuous. The public education system is having difficulty adjusting to the no child left behind act. The No Child Left Behind(NCLB) is a landmark in education reform designed to improve student achievement and change the culture of American’s schools.
From 1972 to 2006 high school dropout rates decreased from 6.1 percent to 3.8 percent. A majority of this decline occurred between 1972 and 1990, when the rate dropped to 4 percent. However, from 1990 to 1995 there was a surprising increase in dropout rates (Laird & others, 2008). Since then there have been numerous debates and discussions on the issue of dropout rates and how to handle them appropriately. From the information above, it is very evident that the United States wasn’t directly involved with the matter. As a result, stated before, President Barack Obama made his claim towards this issue. This urged most states across the nation to raise the dropout age (Ho, 2017). In fact, a study co-authored by Alan Krueger, Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, found that in some states approximately 25 percent of potential dropouts stayed in school since the compulsory schooling age was moved to 18. With an additional year of schooling that 25 percent will increase their earnings by at least 7 percent when
Dropout factories are a serious problem with high schools. A dropout factory is a school with a high number of dropouts. Middle schools feed poorly educated kids into high school. These kids are not ready for high school, so they drop out. There are more then 60 percent of kids who do not make it from freshman to sophomore year. There are over 1000-documented drop out factories in the United States. In one school, there were 1,2000 freshmen, and the next year there were under 300 sophomores. Most of the kids have at these schools had a third grade reading level. In one case,
Across the United States, high school students can encounter a variety of issues that hinder their ability to successfully complete course work to earn the required credits towards graduation. High schools across the United States have an obligation to ensure that students are achieving and receiving a diploma. It is also in the school’s best interest to ensure students are gradating both funding wise and for the overall school rating. When a student does not receive a high school diploma the action affects the student, community and the school. High school dropouts may find it harder to obtain a job that would provide a stable and productive income verses a high school graduate thus, the financial disadvantage in turn can cause
It has been over a decade since the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) was enacted on January 2, 2002. The long title of NCLB says it is “An act to close the achievement gap with accountability, flexibility, and choice, so that no child is left behind.” Although NCLB was created with this in mind, research shows that it has actually managed to widen the educational achievement gap between minorities and their white counterparts. In this paper, my central research question is “What are three factors that have led to the failure of the No Child Left Behind Act among the Hispanic and African American student population?”
No Child Left Behind, one of the biggest social engineering projects of our time, put fifty million students and their three million teachers under pressure ("A Failing Grade for No Child"). On January 8, 2002, President George W Bush’s NCLB Act was signed into law. NCLB is an education reform bill created to narrow the racial achievement gap. Recently, NCLB has made its way back into the news, simply because it has been up for renewal for over four years now and nothing has happened. This is significant because NCLB dictates how students are educated. NCLB has already affected student learning for many years now, and if renewed, it will continue to do so. The NCLB Act has failed in its mission to improve our schools and narrow the racial achievement
In this passage of No Child Left Behind, Congress reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the principal federal law affecting education from kindergarten through high school. In amending ESEA, the new law represents a sweeping overhaul of federal efforts to support elementary and secondary education in the United States. This new law focuses on policy and distribution of funds to public schools. Most federal funds under NCLB are distributed to school districts whose populations that are representative of lower economic levels and culturally diverse populations, which consists of African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, and Latinos. Proponents of the No Child Left Behind Act claim that its mission is to diminishing the achievement gap by holding school districts and states accountable, encouraging the use of more flexible educational approaches, and supporting parent’s rights to school choice
Department of Education, 2015). One study by Alspaugh looked at the relationship between schools and community characteristics and how those affected high school dropout rates (Alspaugh, 1998). This study looked at 428 Missouri school districts and their average dropout rates over the past five years. Alspaugh examined previous research and concluded that socioeconomic status was the most important factor in student dropout rates. Other related factors that were found to be important factors in student dropout rates were “family background, personal problems, and school-related factors” (Alspaugh), but found that all of these would be difficult to address directly.
The last century in American history has yielded educational reforms, federal legislations, school improvement plans and interventions, which consistently influence best practices in school systems. After the report, A Nation at Risk (1983), the federal Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965 was reauthorized in 2001 as the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act (U.S. Department of Education, 2001). This reauthorization was a call to attain educational equality for all American students and to lessen the achievement gaps between and among ethnicity groups, children of poverty, and disabled populations (U.S. Department of Education, 2001). Additionally, because of this increased scrutiny of student performance, other classification categories emerged such as gender.
The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was put into effect January 8th 2002. The purpose of the Act was to create better education standards and close the racial/ethnic achievement gaps in schools. Achievement gaps occur when a group of students outperforms another group and the difference in average scores is statistically significant. Approximately eleven years later the aftermath of the Act has been examined in many journals and articles and criticized between students, teachers, and other administrators alike. There was much focus on the Act and its correlation between issues in high school dropout among minorities. In the National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Research the correlation between Minority Dropout in high school and NCLB was studied. In addition the largest criticism NCLB received was it’s strive to close the achievement gaps especially in minority students. In Race, inequality and educational accountability: The irony of ‘No Child Left Behind the unintended effects of the NCLB were made aware. Other news media outlets have disclosed the unresolved achievement gaps in school specifically among minority students in high school causing higher dropout rates than intended. In The New York Times an article was published disclosing statistic results of the NCLB. The negative effects of the No Child Left Behind Act seemed to triumph any of
Did you know that 1.2 million high school students drop out of school every year just in the United States alone (11 Facts)? The decrease of high school graduation rates is a fairly important issue, and there are plenty of reasons to propose a change. According to the U.S. Department of Education, the current standard dropout rate of high school students is 7.4%. High school dropouts encounter way more difficulties and challenges than a high school graduate would. An average high school drop out lacks the basic education that one needs in order to be successful in life. They are more likely to face problems dealing with financial insecurity, communication skills, and of course, educational matters. With a high school diploma, one is more likely to get hired for a job, earn a higher income, and educate oneself even further. Some possible causes of high school students dropping out include stress, boredom, family problems, pregnancies, and drugs. With that said, with every issue, there is always a solution. By taking the problem at hand and looking at it from a broad perspective, we can thoroughly identify the source of the high dropout rates of U.S. high school students. There are countless factors that may be the cause of this epidemic, but a few ideas including making learning more relevant, limiting the workload given to students, and providing mandatory classes on drugs and safe sex may possibly be a solution to this