INTRODUCTION
Business finance exerts a significant impact on individuals as well as companies nowadays. Knowledge about finance fills so many books to equip financial managers to create more benefits for the company. As a financial manager, one primary duty is maximising the wealth of the firm by making correct decisions. This report will focus on the three main tasks of a financial manager, name investment decision, financing decision and dividend decision. Firstly, we will state our understanding of these terms in detail. Then, several quantitative models will be introduced about how to make correct investment decision, and we will explain the relevant qualitative issues that should be considered. In addition, we will discuss the
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For example, net present value (NPV) method could be used to choose among projects which are mutually exclusive or which with different scales; when resources are constrained, the profitability index should be employed. In the following paragraphs, we will introduce several popular quantitative models of investment decision making, including their applications, advantages and disadvantages.
1.2 Quantitative models of investment decision
1.2.1 Net present value (NPV)
NPV is defined that the discrepancy between the present value of an investment or project’s costs and the present value of its benefits. When the present value of benefits greater than the present value of costs, the NPV is positive, which means the investment opportunity should be undertaken, as the decision could increase the value of the investor. When the present value of benefits less than the present value of costs, the NPV is negative, which means the investment should be rejected, as accepting the project would shrink the value of the investor. NPV is one of the most accurate and reliable valuation principles, and is regarded as the ‘golden rule’ in financial decision making. The NPV rule is considered superior and is widely employed, especially by the large-size enterprises (Pasqual, Padilla & Jadotte, 2013). when NPV rule contradicts with alternative rules, always making decision based on the NPV rule. Advantages and disadvantages of NPV
NPV is the most accurate and reliable valuation
The NPV of an investment proposal is found by adding the present values of all of its estimated
NPV analysis uses future cash flows to estimate the value that a project could add to a firm’s shareholders. A company director or shareholders can be clearly provided the present value of a long-term project by this approach. By estimating a project’s NPV, we can see whether the project is profitable. Despite NPV analysis is only based on financial aspects and it ignore non-financial information such as brand loyalty, brand goodwill and other intangible assets, NPV analysis is still the most popular way evaluate a project by companies.
Finally, in order to complete a more accurate comparison between the two projects, we utilized the EANPV as the deciding factor. Under current accepted financial practice, NPV is generally considered the most accurate method of predicting the performance of a potential project. The duration of the projects is different, one lasts four years and one lasts six years. To account for the variation in time frames for the projects and to further refine our selection we calculated the EANPV to compare performance on a yearly basis.
Financial Management: “The process for and the analysis of making financial decisions in the business context.” (Cornett, Adair, & Nofsinger, 2016, p. 5).
2. Net Present Value – Secondly, Peter needs to investigate the Net Present Value (NPV) of each project scenario, i.e. job type, gross margin, and # new diamonds drills purchased. The NPV will measure the variance of the present value of cash outflow (drilling equipment investment) versus the future value of cash inflows (future profits), at the benchmark hurdle rate of 20%. A positive NPV associated with the investment means that the investment should be undertaken as it exceeds the minimum rate of return. A higher NPV determines which project scenario will have the highest return on cash flow, hence determining the most profitable investment in terms of present money value.
Evaluating the risks, calculating the probability of success, and factoring in the projected profit from sales will provide a clearer NPV to be compared with other projects in the
The NPV compares the inflow of cash against the flow of cash to make the investment. With the cash flows occurring over a period of time, NPV also takes into account the cost of capital. The cost of capital or discount rate allows the company to weigh the present value of capital today with the investment capital’s present value. Futronics Inc. investment would have an NPV of $138,642.39. The NPV of this investment would add value to Futronics Inc.’ worth.
In contrast, when capital rationing constraints occur over multiple periods and when there are numerous projects, Baumol and Quandt (1965) suggest that mathematical programming may be used to evaluate investments. The linear programming technique is widely used as the model is specifically designed to search through combinations of projects achieving the highest NPV whilst subject to a budget constraint. However, Brealy et al (2008) note that a main disadvantage to using linear programming may be the models can be highly complex and costly.
Account for time. Time is money. We prefer to receive cash sooner rather than later. Use net present value as a technique to summarize the quantitative attractiveness of the project. Quite simply, NPV can be interpreted as the amount by which the market
Challenges posed to financial managers are both in the human assets in its framework and technological advancements. Human asset need extra aptitudes keeping in mind the end goal to satisfy its part. Hierarchical structure turns out to be more complex with enhanced procedures that consolidate innovation so as to gather, investigate and report critical monetary information required in the basic leadership handle. The exploration on how financial managers and their departments adjustments in the environment will proceed ensuring that the discoveries are applicable.
Net Present Value (NPV) calculates the sum of discounted future cash flows and subtracting that amount with the initial investment of the project. If the NPV of a project results in a positive number, the project should be undertaken. It is the most widely used method of capital budgeting. While discount rate used in NPV is typically the organization’s WACC, higher risk projects would not be factored in into the calculation. In this case, higher discount rate should be used. An example of this is when the project to be undertaken happens to be an international project where the country risk is high. Therefore, NPV is usually used to determine if a project will add value to the company. Another disadvantage of NPV method is that it is fairly complex compared to the other methods discussed earlier.
1. The net present value is the projects present value of inflows minus its cost. It shows us how much the project contributes to the shareholders wealth. The NPV of each franchise are:
There are several traditional methods that can be used in appraising investment decisions. For instance, the net present value method (NPV) which entails estimating the costs and revenues of a project and discounting these figures to get their present values. Projects with the biggest positive net present value are the ones chosen as they represent the best stream of benefits of investing in the project over and above recovering the cost of initiating the projects. The discount rate is another method which is similar to the net present value method but reflects more on the time preference. This approach may focus on the opportunity cost of
Shareholders own companies and are therefore entitled to a return on their investments when the companies are performing well. It becomes the financial managers ' role to ensure that shareholders are receiving a maximum return on their investment. This project will concentrate on defining the different roles and objectives of financial managers in their attempt to maximize shareholder value. Furthermore, the viewpoint of stockholders will also be compared to those of financial managers with regards to maximization of shareholder value.
FINANCE= ensures the business has the necessary financial resources to achieve its goals and objectives.