The National System Of Innovation

Considerable research has established the importance of spreading innovative ideas to bring about change. While Damanpour, Walker, and Avellaneda (2009) write that “the study of innovation hardly needs justification as scholars, policy makers, business executives, and public administrators maintain that innovation is a primary source of economic growth, industrial change, competitive advantage, and public service” (p. 650), it is misleading to suggest that there is a consensus in scholarly research on the use of the diffusion of innovations framework. In essence, diffusion is the process where adopters (individuals or organizations) make choices on whether to embrace an innovation by examining the uncertain benefits and risks of this new

A university is a high-level educational institution in which students study for degrees and it is where academic research is done. The aim

So knowledge and innovations are probably the most important factors of long-run growth. And this brings us to quite important practical implication: to compete successfully in knowledge-based economy it is essential to accumulate knowledge, to manage it effectively and to innovate.

Monitoring and encouraging competition The plan also seeks to improve in-country technical and business skills by investing in technical and business education, encouraging international companies operating in the country to integrate

It is imperative to distinguish between invention and innovation. An invention is the first appearance of an idea for a new product or process while innovation to attempt to put the new idea into practice. It is the transformation of an invention into a new product or process and its commercial and social exploitation. Thus, to turn an invention into an innovation, a firm, requires combining numerous types of knowledge, skills, capabilities, market knowledge, a properly functioning distribution system and sufficient finances. In a firm the sources of innovation can be both internal and external. The former includes research and development, design, tooling up and marketing while the later are capital goods and equipment, consultancy, licences and acquisition of patents and scientific literature

There are unique strengths that exist in Japan’s NSI, which policy has benefited in various ways. Japan already has a reputable past of successful innovation and economic comeback, so they are both historically well experienced and versed. Japan has rather high R&D, 3rd largest globally, and IPR production rates, some of the highest worldwide. Finance sectors and government heavily support big companies with policy aiming at involving university researchers to commercialize their discoveries, encouraging innovation in SMEs and promoting construction of regional innovation system. This can largely improve their national innovation capacity in the country, especially in some frontier science and technology initiatives behind the fields of life sciences. Citizens and workforces are well educated, one of the most educated populations in the developed world. In Japan, 42% of males and 32% of females attend college after completing high school. Thus, a large amount of people complete higher levels of study and enter into the field of science and engineering (OECD, 2011). The workforce is also very loyal and dedicated to their respective companies where there are strong inter-firm relations. Workers, especially males, can expect jobs for life, benefits, incentives, and in company transferals to try new roles

A patent is people with everything taken into account presentation of the progression and the ideal system for honing the creation, as a result of the rights to that data for a set time traverse. A patent empowers its proprietor to expel individuals from people generally speaking from making, utilizing, or offering the confirmed change.

Engineering is an important component of the nation innovation system (King.R 2016).The aim of this report is innovation in a new engineering school that makes an impact in the present education marketplace based on reasonable opportunities for the unique engineering school. There are a lot of opportunities in innovation new engineering school such as student base, career base, Discipline areas, teaching facilities and Institutional structures. Based on fact-finding and future enhancement of education in engineering education we decided that teaching facilities is one of the most important opportunities to be illustrated in this report. According to this report, the solution we have achieved is to build up student practical skills and knowledge is more important than other skills because when we see the fact many students have enough theoretical knowledge but they don’t know how to implement it in the real world. By doing different types of the project outside university by students it led to gain more experience, knowledge and reputation for the University.

Empirical analyses of historical data have emphasized the role of patent laws in creating incentives to invent, promoting innovation, and encouraging economic growth (Khan and Sokoloff 1993; Lamoreaux and Sokoloff 1999; Khan 2005). Patent rights affect the process of cumulative innovation by knowledge spillovers which they have to disclose information about patent – it lies at the heart of the recent macroeconomic theory literature on innovation and growth, like endogenous growth models discussed by Grossman and Helpman (1991), Aghion and Howitt (!992), and Acemoglu and Akcigit (2012).

9 Systems (NIS); but it has not been adequately utilised by several developing countries including

This theory emphasizes that technology change has a major influence on economic growth, and that technological advances happen by chance. The theory argues that econonomic growth will not continue unless there continues to be advances in technology.

Economic growth refers to an increase in the capacity for an economy to produce goods and services as compared from one period of time to another. It can be measured either in nominal terms which include inflation, or in real terms that are adjusted for inflation. It is mainly influenced by unemployment, inflation, technology levels, rate of investment, population growth rate, among other factors. These factors are used further to explain the differences in the varying level of output per capita between and among countries, and explain why some countries are economically growing faster than others. These factors are best represented in both the theoretical and empirical forms through the neoclassical endogenous growth models (Steil, 2013, n.p.).

To be successful, innovating firms need not only to be able to generate ideas and turn them into products via internal R&D, but also to absorb ideas and knowledge from their external environment and to connect the products they generate with the needs of

Since independence from the British rule in 1947, India has been investing a significant part of its resources, in creating quality institutions of higher education and research. In 1958 Indian Government passed a “Scientific Policy Resolution 1958”, which stated: “The key to national prosperity, apart from the spirit of the people, lies, in the modern age, in the effective combination of three factors, technology, raw materials and capital, of which the first is perhaps the most important, since the creation and adoption of new scientific techniques can, in fact, make up for a deficiency in natural resources, and reduce the demands on capital. But technology can only grow out of the study of science and its applications.” In keeping with this objective the Government has established a number of scientific publications in regional languages for school children and other groups in the society to increase scientific awareness in India. These publications are available to public at large mostly at subsidized, affordable rates. Finally, in 2003 a “Science and Technology Policy” was announced, which recognized “the changing context of the scientific enterprise”.

This leads to the need for more universities and university-based student. In fact, the university is crucial to post-industrial society. The university produced the experts who can create, guide, and control the new and dramatically changing technologies