The Old Roman Calendar

The American educational system is based on the traditional, nine-month school calendar, which has been in place for over a century. Originally, the United States was an agrarian society. The majority of Americans lived on farms. People made most of the items that they needed, and with little trade necessary, there was no need for schooling (McLain, 1973). However, as people branched out into neighboring areas, they needed to learn new skills, such as basic arithmetic to price items, measure land, and more (McLain, 1973). As a result, it became the responsibility of those who were less needed on the farm or in the factory to acquire knowledge for the family (McLain, 1973).

Celestial bodies - the sun, moon, planets, and stars - have provided us a reference for measuring the passage of time throughout human existence. Ancient civilizations like: China, India, Babylon, and Greece relied upon the apparent motion of these bodies through the sky to record and determine seasons, months, and years. We know little about the details of timekeeping in prehistoric eras. However, records and artifacts usually uncover that in every culture, people were preoccupied with measuring and recording the passage of time. Stonehenge, built over 4000 years ago in England has no written records, but its alignments show its purposes apparently included the determination of seasonal or celestial events, such as lunar

Christians commonly celebrate the New Year January 1st, according to the Julian calendar; For orthodox Christians whom follow the Gregorian calendar New Year is marked on January 14th or sometime around that date. (Christian Observances and Rituals) Orthodox or not the New Year is a day celebrated most Christians, many attending mass. Another commonly celebrated day is, “Epiphany Sunday, commonly known as Three Kings’ Day in the United States, is on January 6. It celebrates the three wise men’s visit to baby Jesus and also remembers his baptism, according to the Christian Bible’s events. The United States (US) Virgin Islands observe the day as a public holiday.” (Epiphany in the United States) On this day children, bake cookies and cakes in honor of the Three Wise Men. This day is exactly twelve days after Christmas, another Christian

Two ancient contributions that influence our culture today is the Gregorian Calendar and the transportation system of ancient Romans. The first contribution is the transportation system of the ancient Romans was very useful for the Romans. Roads were used to link far-away provinces with Rome (Doc. 3). They were very helpful for drainage (OI). The army used them to move soldiers quickly from area to area (Doc. 3). Traders used the roads to sell goods and food throughout the empire (Doc. 3) Another contribution is the Gregorian Calendar. Today we use the calendar invented by Pope Gregory (Doc. 4). These are just two contributions that influence our culture today.

Because the National Convention wanted to break away from the Roman Catholic Church and a new era had begun, they decided to adopt a new calendar in revolutionary France. Gilbert Rommne, head of the calendar reform committee, believed the Gregorian calendar served to mark the progress of motivated or characterized by an extreme zeal, persecution, and bad experiences by talent, virtue, and philosophy under cruel despots (Doc. 2). He states that a new era is upon them and it is time for a change. Another reason that changed the calendar was the Cahier de doléances, also known as the list of grievances, which was written by the Three Estates. These grievances overall stated that in the new calendar they would like Sunday to be more holy and the

Have you ever thought about a few of the ancient contributions that truly benefit our world today? Two of these inventions are the calendar and the stone columns. First of all, the calendar we use today is actually called the “Gregorian Calendar.” It was developed by Pope Gregory during the Middle Ages (Doc. 4). The Gregorian calendar is used to keep track of time or what day it is.

Notice the original settings for this tool were much faster than the settings shown above. While the original settings may be acceptable for lower detail jobs I found they produced somewhat sloppy results creating the finer details of this Aztec calendar mainly due to gantry shake during higher speed acceleration or deceleration. Also softwoods such as yellow pine are notorious for producing "fuzziness" when being routed, and these settings seemed to reduce this "fuzz" a great

During the French Revolution the National convention had many reasons for adopting the calendar. The peasants and clergy members had different reactions to the new calendar, some were positive and some negative. This change took place after King Louis ⅩⅥ and his wife Marie Antoinette were imprisoned and later executed. And before Emperor Napoleon took over.

In 1793, the National Convention issued a new calendar to replace the Gregorian calendar the church established in 1582. During this time, the Reign of Terror was taking place and many people were living in fear. The National Convention was formed when France stripped the power away from the monarchy and transformed into a republic. The new calendar consisted of three ten day weeks. Because of the longer work week, the working middle class and the peasants were not happy. Now, they had a nine day work week with only one day of rest. Also, people were unhappy with how many religious holidays there were. Another reason for the new calendar was the new government simply wanted something different. While some people were happy with this change, others were not. There were many causes and effects to this new calendar. The main cause and effect, however, was the change in a ten day week which the people were unhappy about.

Though the Twelve Tables are not widely known, they played a large role in establishing the early Roman government. Not only were they the first set of written laws in the Roman empire, the Twelve tables bound the Plebeian and Patrician empires to the the same set of regulations. The Twelve Tables inspired other nations at the time to form an organized system and regions around the world still use the basic fundamentals of the laws.

This artifact is called the Tzolk’in or sometimes called The Master Calendar, it is one of the two calendars the Mayan people created. It has 260 days divided into 20 months of 13 days. Each day and month had a god or goddess associated with it. The Tzolk'in calendar was created after 400 BCE. The Tzolk'in was created in Veracruz, Mexico. This calendar was carefully carved in stone. This was an important item in the Mesoamerican times, it is still used by some priests in southern Mexico and has never lost its religious importance in the lives of everyone.

In the non-fictional book Rubicon: The Last Years of The Roman Republic written by Tom Holland, the author discusses several problems that of Ancient Rome faced, which led to the fall of the Roman Republic. While reading this book, there are several times where the readers will be able to question if the United States are Rome. Some of Rome’s problems are similar to the United States of America and to their society today. This review will be consisted of the culture of Rome, the political views of Rome, and whether it is better to have freedom or security.

The creation of calendars has helped different people of different cultures to reflect time within their cultures. However, the issue for these people was: How would they be able to use what is around them to give the passage of time to their people? Well since the beginning of time cultures like the Mayans, Egyptians, or to the time of Julius Caesar, have learned how to use scientific ways that fit under lunar, solar or lunisolar methods. And because of the methods used by these peoples, we were able to develop the calendar we use now, the Julian calendar.

People around the world have heard about the infamous end of the world prediction made according to the Mayan Calendar. However, not many people are aware that there is an Aztec Calendar known as the Stone of Five Suns. According to the Ancient History Encyclopedia, the Aztec Calendar measures about 3.6 meters in diameter, about 1.2 meter thick and weighs more than 21 metrics tons. The Stone of Five Suns can be located in the “Museo Nacional de Antropologia in Mexico City” (O’Riley, 309). According the Ancient History Encyclopedia, the Stone of Five Suns is not a functioning calendar. The Stone of Five Suns represents the five consecutive worlds of the sun from Aztec Mythology. First we will learn more about the significance of each part of

From the information given, New Year in each country has a unique celebration; especially there is a big