The Use Of Probiotics

Samples for bacterial community analysis will be obtained from the ileum of slaughtered birds and studied for target bacteria and bacterial groups. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) and 454-pyrosequencing will be used to determine the microorganisms present in GIT of birds as described by Witzig et al. (2015).

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is an anaerobic, Gram-positive, bacillus-shaped bacterium that causes the disease Clostridium Difficile Infection (CDI). One of the reasons this particular species is so successful and disease-causing is because it possesses the ability to form spores, which makes it very difficult to eradicate, as these spores are able to survive extreme conditions. C. difficile flourishes in the gastrointestinal tracts of individuals who have been prescribed broad spectrum antibiotics, as these tend to disrupt the normal microbiota. If an individual has previously contracted CDI, the likelihood of future infection(s) is more likely than if it were never contracted, at a rate of ~35%. The aim of this study, which is actually the first of its kind, is to utilize the probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota (L. casei Shirota) to attempt to suppress the recurrence of CDI after an initial infection. Probiotics contain a live strain(s) of “healthy” bacteria that help rather than harm an individual, and they work by competing with C. difficile’s

In 1953, Kollath introduced the term ‘probiotic’. Etymologically, the term ‘probiotic’ is originated from the hybridization of Greek words ‘προ’ and ‘βιοτος’, which brough the meaning of ‘for life’. In 1953, the term ‘probiotic’ was introduced by Kollath as “organic and inorganic supplements necessary to restore health to patients suffering a form of malnutrition resulting from eating too much highly refined food” (Hamilton-Miller et al., 2003). The probiotic word has evolved throughout the years. As indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO), probiotics are characterized as "live microorganisms that able to provide advantage to the host when consume in adequate amount (World Health Organization [WHO], 2001). Probiotics also classified

Studies have identified different genera of bacteria which are present in the microbiome and their role in nutrient intake. Gut microbiota has 3 main enterotypes Prevotella, Bacteroides and Ruminococcus, there is a strong correlation between the concentration of each bacterial community and the dietary constituents. A diet high in carbohydrates and simple sugars would also indicate and reveal a greater concentration of Prevotella whereas a diet high in protein and animal fats would present a higher concentration of Bacteroides in the gut. A long term change in the diet would permanently shift the concentration of bacteria in the gut to accommodate the new nutrient uptake. This would then change the bacterial barrier in the intestine which could make it more vulnerable due to reduced species richness.

The majority of meat, eggs, and dairy produced in the U.S. are supplied by CAFOs. To promote growth, antibiotics, steroids, and hormones are added to animal feed. The use of antibiotics to promote growth is considered nontherapeutic and is FDA approved. In the last thirty years scientists have seen a dramatic increase in bacteria that is resistant to multiple antibiotics. While this is partially due to overuse in the medical field the agriculture industry has certainly contributed to what is now being considered as a crisis (Imhoff 2010).

Unfortunately, antibiotic use in animals is something that is misunderstood by many, especially by those who are not that familiar with the agriculture industry. This affects the perception of our industry by consumers in a few different ways. Some people believe that something known as a “veterinary feed directive” must be mandatory directions from the government instructing veterinarians to medicate every animal for food they treat with

The most arguably abused animal in the world is the chicken. The common commercial way of how chickens are factory farmed is inhumane to the animals, because of the way the chickens are treated. Chickens are given insufficient living conditions in areas that make it impossible for them to live enjoyable lives, as well as the amount of birds contained in the buildings. The sake of the fowls' health and growth is cruelty altered, as chemicals and mutations are done to the them throughout their time on the farms. A chicken that is hatched for the use of a factory farm will not have the same basic quality of life of a chicken that is turned out often; the only thing factory farmed chickens get in life is depression and frustration.

One of the most beautiful things that the female human body can do is birth another human . As the expectant mother waits for her offspring(s) to be born she begins to weigh out her birthing options, deciding between either a vaginal birth or a surgical delivery by Caesarean section. Though many go for the natural route and decide to deliver naturally many opt to do cesarean usually by doctors’ orders. This big decision can have a lot of long lasting effects on the child, as a majority of our needed gut microbiome bacteria is from our mothers during birth. Lets way out the pros and cons of this life altering decision by talking about the microbes involved in both delivery options.

Probiotics are friendly, live bacteria that help maintain a natural balance of organisms in the intestines. Normally, the intestines have about 400 types of probiotic bacteria that serve to reduce harmful bacteria and keep the digestive system healthy. Each child (and adult) has trillions of different microbes living in him, and no two kids have the same mix of bacteria. Two of the most common categories of beneficial bacteria that naturally occur in our body are called Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Whatever the benefit, it's important to note that probiotics' infection-fighting effects are only temporary. This is because the probiotics don't build up in your child's gastrointestinal system.

In this week’s discussion, I will be speaking on Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium animalis is a gram-positive, anaerobic, bacterium where it can be found in the large intestines (www.probiotic.org). This organism is called a type of probiotic, or bacteria that works to promote a healthy digestive tract. Bifidobacterium animalis is considered a probiotics, Probiotics is a bacteria brought into the body for all of its qualities. Probiotics competes between the food and space to help keep up a digestive balance. The type of creature Bifidobacterium animalis is a bacterium. As I was doing my research I read that it helps bacteria from growing in the digestive system and that also it fights so you do not catch a cold, infections or even

Recently, the interests in healthy diets that is believed to prevent several diseases has been increased and this makes the study and the development of new functional foods to become more essential. Probiotics and prebiotics are food additives that may have positive results on the composition of gut microbiota and this causes it to be a topic of research (Prado et al, 2008). Normally, most of the probiotic products that has been sold in the market is in the form of fermented milks and yoghurts; however, vegetarian consumers tend to be increased in number in all over the developed countries and this leads to the consumer’s demand of the vegetarian probiotic products (Venter, 1999).

Probiotics are ingestable microorganisms which gives the consumer a beneficial effect. First coined by the late eli Metchnikoff probiotics are described to be microorganisms which are ingested in small amount to increase the diversity of both flora and fauna inside the human body this reaction in turn affects the adaptation abilities for the human body to react to different surroundings, digest different things, or just improve the antibody or the mechanism that already exists in the human body.

The food industry does not use the medications for sick animals, it is used “because producers believe that chickens, cows, and pigs-particularly those that are not healthy to begin with-gain weight faster when these drugs are added to their feed” (UCSUSA). Rather than healthier living conditions for animals to thrive, corporations use non-therapeutic use of antibiotics to expedite the growing process in over-crowded conditions. Within the U.S., $100 billion a year is spent on drugs, but “80% of all antibiotics sold in the United States are used for livestock and poultry, not humans” (NRDC). The issue of feeding animals that are not sick antibiotics has the possibility of creating antibiotic resistant bacteria due to overuse of unnecessary antibiotics. Due to overuse of antibiotics in animals and humans, “at least two million illnesses and 23,000 deaths are caused in the U.S. by drug-resistant bacteria, according to the CDC” (Tracy). Ultimately, overuse of antibiotics wipe out vulnerable bacteria and leave only the resistant strains, making the original antibiotic

I lay in the grass, As wind whistles in my ear I listen for the sounds of nature, And then I hear it A faint voice in the wind Low, deep, rich voice It calls to me, Come and climb me Come and touch my branches and leaves Let me hold you in my arms, I hear it say

The United States has the highest incarceration rates in the world. According to Attorney General Eric Holder “The U.S. accounts for 5% of the world's population, but 25% of the world’s prisoners”. The United States incarceration rates were not always so drastic. In fact, according to the Sentencing Project, in less than 30 years “The U.S. penal population exploded from around 300,000 to more than 2 million”. The primary contributor to this enormous growth of the prison system is due to The WAR ON DRUGS. Now the question we should be asking: is the war on drugs doing more harm than good?