The Use Of The Theory Transactional Model Of Stress And Coping

The pre-operative stage is an important phase in patient’s surgery process. This is the time where the patients is experiencing a lot of anxiety issues and have questions regarding the impending procedure. To help ensure good patient outcomes, it is imperative to provide complete preoperative instructions and discharge instructions (Allison & George, 2014). It is the nurses’ duty to safe guard and protects the patient’s welfare during the surgical experience. Effective preoperative preparation is known to enhance postoperative pain management and recovery. Health professionals need to be cognizant of the contextual factors that influence patients’ preoperative experiences and give context appropriate care (Aziato & Adejumo, 2014).

The coping appraisal process takes into account the response efficacy and self-efficacy. In addition to these two constructs the cost of the recommended behavior is also taken into account. Response efficacy takes into account how well the adaptive behavior will alleviate the perceived threat. Instead of smoking, a person may try meditation or exercise to relieve stress. The effectiveness of the recommended behavior is different for everyone and meditation may work better for one

Coping is something that everyone has experienced in their lifetime, whether it be over something significant or insignificant we have all experienced it. In an academic journal published in 2003, authors Gerhard Anderson, and Mimmie Willebrand stated, “Coping has been defined as the process of managing demands (external or internal) that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person” (S97). There have often been thought to be two main types of coping strategies, these strategies are problem-focused and emotional-focused coping (Heyman et al. 154). These two strategies differ from each other because, “problem-focused coping is often described as managing the problem, while emotion-focused coping is directed at regulating emotional responses to the problem” (Heyman et al. 154). Anderson and Willebrand have stated that coping is to serve two distinct purposes: to do away with the problem...and to regulate emotional reactions (S97). There are many different reasons that people cope and many different ways that people do it, but if not done right can cause a person emotional turmoil and make them inherit mental illnesses like depression and anxiety. Three ingredients in the conceptualization of coping are as follows, (1) coping need not be successful, but an effort must be made; (2) this effort need not be expressed in actual behavior, but can affect cognition as well; and (3) a cognitive appraisal of the taxing situation is a prerequisite for initiating coping attempts (Anderson and

In previous literature, patients have demonstrated and expressed feelings of helplessness, powerlessness and anxiety (6,9). Surgical interventions and procedures invoke strong reactions around pain, complication risk and death for the patient and their families (5). Additionally, in the preoperative phase of waiting to be transferred to the operating room, previous studies have shown that this can be the most frightening time for many patients (5,6,9). When this preoperative waiting time is compounded with the sudden cancellation or postponement of a patient’s surgery, many patients experience heightened negative effects (5,9).

A large number of children undergo surgery every year and the greater part of these paediatrics develop critical anxiety before operation (Fortier et al. 2011). It is assessed that around 70% of all children show significant anxiety and stress before surgery (Rosenbaum et al. 2009). Anxiety in pediatrics experiencing surgery is represented by particular feelings of pressure, apprehension, trepidation, and stress that may expressed in different structures (McCann et al. 2001). Operation and hospitalization are viewed as negative life incidents; more often causing distress that may

The overarching claim made in this piece is that there are intrinsic health benefits to be gained from stress, some of these require a positive attitude towards stress, others are innate or simply transpire without conscious effort.

Stress is one of the biggest reasons as to why anxiety is often created. Stressors include almost anything imaginable and due to this reason, the amount of anxiousness that one has will differ accordingly. An article written by B. Kent Houston titled Anxiety, Defensiveness, and Differential Predictions of Performance in Stress and Non-stress Conditions explains of the differences in defense that we have between anxiety. His article shows us that there is a difference in anxiousness between non stress situations and stressful situations, and this relates to my life by showing me that the amount of anxiety that I experienced during my calculus class was normal due to the amount of stress if caused me(Houston, 1971). His article talks about the different ways at which defensiveness was measured, for example the MMPI Denial scale by Little & Fisher , and how the different techniques in measuring affected the results of the test, which was a test to indicate the amount of anxiety that was related to non-stress and stress related incidents(Houston, 1971). His article is related to my life experience as this article showed me that by looking at his data collected, one becomes more anxious in a stressful event compared to a non-stressful event(Houston,

One manifestation of this anxiety is the fear of death. This fear seems to predominate patient concerns whether the patient undergoes a minor or major surgery. (Ramirez, et al, 2017). Preoperative anxiety is usually influenced by the patient’s concern about their general health, uncertainty about the future, types of surgery and the anesthesia to be used, post-op discomfort and pain. (White 1986) In addition, the setting in which the surgery is being carried out can increase a patient’s level of anxiety. According to Grobler, office surgeries are procedures carried out in a medical practitioner’s office or an outpatient department that may be a service not normally included in a consultation. (Grobler et al, 2013) These procedures “may not require additional treatment or observation in a day surgery or procedure center (facility) or unit, or as an inpatient under hospital control” (Grobler et al, 2013). Compared with hospitals, office-based facilities currently have few or no regulations, little oversight, and insufficient control (Du Rene. 2013). In addition, the practice is not a modern concept even if it has undergone the significant expansion (Parveen, 2016). The assessment of the presence of anxiety as well as quantifying it becomes a bigger challenge with

Children need to be prepared for surgery. They often react emotionally to the prospect of surgery. Children need to be prepared physically, intellectually and emotionally for their surgery experience. A surgical experience can be a positive event if children and family members are well informed about the surgery, and are aware of the events associated with the surgery. It also will be positive if the children and family members’ worries and fears are discussed and understood, and they are able to create some familiarity with the medical staff associated with their

When operation and surgery come up in conversation the main person that is highlighted is the surgeon but there is a large team of people behind the surgeon assisting him at every step. The operating room is a very different experience then being on a general hospital floor. The operating room gives the perspective on what happens, in some cases, before the get to the hospital floor. The purpose of this paper is to identify the clients risk for complications during and after the procedure, identify teaching opportunities and appropriate topics, identify different tasks done preoperatively, intraoperatively and postoperatively

This is because the theoretical model is composed of variables which help sustain an individual's well being. This includes dispositional variables within a challenge appraisal, the cognitive reappraisal processes as well a coping style with intentions of reaching a goal. Also, factors such as the effect of an individual's illness on their identity, roles/responsibilities, relationships and expenses are all considered to affect an individual's well being. The model is composed of two main processes : appraisal and coping. Appraisal refers to an individual's personal evaluation of the event and awareness of different coping strategies which further influences their emotion and coping style. Coping refers to the techniques or steps an individual takes in order to manage the stress they are feeling in order to have a better outcome as well as maintain positive well being (meaning-based

The model conceptualizes stress as a result of imbalance between demands and resources or when external or internal pressure of stressors exceeds an individual’s perceived ability to cope. This means factors that appear to be stress in one set of individuals might be a welcome challenge for other set of individuals who have the better ability to cope with the stressors by negating them successfully. The importance of the transactional model is that, it also introduces room for intervention. This means that stress can be reduced by enhancing the self and psychological resources of an individual .This will help the individuals to grow a changed perception of the stressors, that earlier caused stress. The overall aim is to enable the individuals to cope with stress and increase their confidence to overcome the negative effect of those stressors.

This essay demonstrates my understanding of the psychological theories and concepts which were discussed in lectures as I have applied this knowledge to the case example. I have employed two psychological topics such as the Humanistic perspective of personality and Stress and Coping theory.

This essay discusses coping, a complex process exercised by people to suppress, change, or eliminate stress or threat. This essay also discusses copers, that is, people who exhibit certain personality characteristics, known as distress resistant personality patterns, which can significantly influence whether they stay healthy or become ill. Also covered are coping strategies, -strategies people draw upon to solve life’s stressors, some

Coping strategies refer to the specific efforts, both behavioral and psychological, that people employ to master, tolerate, reduce or minimize stressful events. There are two general coping strategies which have been distinguished. Problem-focused strategies are efforts to do something active to alleviate stressful circumstances, where as emotion-focused coping strategies involve efforts to regulate the emotional consequences of stressful or potentially stressful events. Typically, people use both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping in their stressful episodes, which suggests that both types of coping are useful for most stressful events (Folkman & Lazarus, 1980).