RELEVANT THEORY AND CONCEPTS
Surgery has been shown to create tremendous stress for someone despite the many times they may have undergone surgery before. Understanding one’s attitude and expectations in regards to surgery is necessary to assist them in identifying ways to better cope. Use of the theory Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (Lazarus, 1998) can be used as a guide to evaluate effects of a preoperative education class on the knowledge level, expectations, preparedness, and coping skills for those undergoing surgery. This theory originally evolved to understand why some individuals fare better than others when encountering stress in their lives. Stress has many definitions, and can be viewed in many ways whether as a
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The model breaks the stressor-stress link by proposing that if stressors are perceived as positive or challenging rather than a threat, and the person is confident they possess adequate coping skills, the person may not react via a negative stressed anxiety reaction but instead consider outcomes as positive or beneficial.
In the secondary appraisal period the person is evaluating coping options to best deal with the changes and undesirable conditions that may have an impact on their well-being after identifying whether they do or do not have a stake in the encounter. They are making decisions on whether to use internal options of coping such as power and inner strength; or whether to use external options such as peer support or professional help. This time period is where resources are evaluated to decide how to create a more positive environment in light of the current stress (Perrewe & Zellers, 1999). Lazarus and colleagues also describe both problem-based coping strategies and emotional-based coping strategies that are employed by the person in response to reappraisal of the encounter between person and environment (Lazarus, 1998). The model proposes that stress can be reduced by helping the stressed person change their perceptions of stressors and by providing them with strategies to help them cope and improve their confidence
The pre-operative stage is an important phase in patient’s surgery process. This is the time where the patients is experiencing a lot of anxiety issues and have questions regarding the impending procedure. To help ensure good patient outcomes, it is imperative to provide complete preoperative instructions and discharge instructions (Allison & George, 2014). It is the nurses’ duty to safe guard and protects the patient’s welfare during the surgical experience. Effective preoperative preparation is known to enhance postoperative pain management and recovery. Health professionals need to be cognizant of the contextual factors that influence patients’ preoperative experiences and give context appropriate care (Aziato & Adejumo, 2014).
According to Gerald Corey and Marianne Corey (2014) in I Never Knew I had a Choice: Explorations in Personal Growth, the idea presented in the book is recognizing and responding constructively to the sources of stress rather than trying to eliminate them, because stress is an inevitable part of life that cannot be eliminated but can be managed (Corey & Corey, 2014).
The Lazarus’ transactional model of stress includes Primary Appraisal, Secondary Appraisal, and Coping effort. Primary Appraisal involves analyzing the importance of a stressor or dangerous incident which consists of stages such as dangerous, threat of harm, threat of loss, challenge to face, and benign (Pg.61). The Secondary Appraisal considers the controllability of one’s stressor and his/her resources to meet the challenge (Pg.61). For example, according to authors Kottler and Chen an individual who is wealthy views the loss of one hundred dollars as an insignificant event, while an underprivileged person sees losing one hundred dollars as a tragedy. Coping effort utilizes approaches to act as a go-between for primary and secondary appraisals.
The coping appraisal process takes into account the response efficacy and self-efficacy. In addition to these two constructs the cost of the recommended behavior is also taken into account. Response efficacy takes into account how well the adaptive behavior will alleviate the perceived threat. Instead of smoking, a person may try meditation or exercise to relieve stress. The effectiveness of the recommended behavior is different for everyone and meditation may work better for one
In previous literature, patients have demonstrated and expressed feelings of helplessness, powerlessness and anxiety (6,9). Surgical interventions and procedures invoke strong reactions around pain, complication risk and death for the patient and their families (5). Additionally, in the preoperative phase of waiting to be transferred to the operating room, previous studies have shown that this can be the most frightening time for many patients (5,6,9). When this preoperative waiting time is compounded with the sudden cancellation or postponement of a patient’s surgery, many patients experience heightened negative effects (5,9).
When operation and surgery come up in conversation the main person that is highlighted is the surgeon but there is a large team of people behind the surgeon assisting him at every step. The operating room is a very different experience then being on a general hospital floor. The operating room gives the perspective on what happens, in some cases, before the get to the hospital floor. The purpose of this paper is to identify the clients risk for complications during and after the procedure, identify teaching opportunities and appropriate topics, identify different tasks done preoperatively, intraoperatively and postoperatively
This essay discusses coping, a complex process exercised by people to suppress, change, or eliminate stress or threat. This essay also discusses copers, that is, people who exhibit certain personality characteristics, known as distress resistant personality patterns, which can significantly influence whether they stay healthy or become ill. Also covered are coping strategies, -strategies people draw upon to solve life’s stressors, some
Children need to be prepared for surgery. They often react emotionally to the prospect of surgery. Children need to be prepared physically, intellectually and emotionally for their surgery experience. A surgical experience can be a positive event if children and family members are well informed about the surgery, and are aware of the events associated with the surgery. It also will be positive if the children and family members’ worries and fears are discussed and understood, and they are able to create some familiarity with the medical staff associated with their
A large number of children undergo surgery every year and the greater part of these paediatrics develop critical anxiety before operation (Fortier et al. 2011). It is assessed that around 70% of all children show significant anxiety and stress before surgery (Rosenbaum et al. 2009). Anxiety in pediatrics experiencing surgery is represented by particular feelings of pressure, apprehension, trepidation, and stress that may expressed in different structures (McCann et al. 2001). Operation and hospitalization are viewed as negative life incidents; more often causing distress that may
The overarching claim made in this piece is that there are intrinsic health benefits to be gained from stress, some of these require a positive attitude towards stress, others are innate or simply transpire without conscious effort.
INTRODUCTION: Even though stress negatively affects physical and mental abilities. Stress is the cause of tensions, overwork and increasing demands. Generally, the Anxiety is a part of our life. We live with it, manage it, or more all stress over it. Our lifestyle, the region in which we live, the economy, and our occupations can result in a lot of anxiety. Not everybody manages the same level of anxiety and there are a few elements that can affect our lives and reason us to have higher or lower anxiety levels. (Feldman, 2009)
The model conceptualizes stress as a result of imbalance between demands and resources or when external or internal pressure of stressors exceeds an individual’s perceived ability to cope. This means factors that appear to be stress in one set of individuals might be a welcome challenge for other set of individuals who have the better ability to cope with the stressors by negating them successfully. The importance of the transactional model is that, it also introduces room for intervention. This means that stress can be reduced by enhancing the self and psychological resources of an individual .This will help the individuals to grow a changed perception of the stressors, that earlier caused stress. The overall aim is to enable the individuals to cope with stress and increase their confidence to overcome the negative effect of those stressors.
Coping is the cognitive and behavioral efforts engaged by a person in facing difficulties from nerve-wracking person-environment transaction (Lazarus, 1993; Ntoumanis, Edmunds, and Duda, 2009). Successful coping can lead an individual to healthier quality of life, stable intellectual condition, and lower rate of ailments (Aldwin, 2000; Ntoumanis, Edmunds, and Duda, 2009). Coping styles can also result in progressive changes (eg., adaptation to illness, caregiving responsibilities, and body image
This is because the theoretical model is composed of variables which help sustain an individual's well being. This includes dispositional variables within a challenge appraisal, the cognitive reappraisal processes as well a coping style with intentions of reaching a goal. Also, factors such as the effect of an individual's illness on their identity, roles/responsibilities, relationships and expenses are all considered to affect an individual's well being. The model is composed of two main processes : appraisal and coping. Appraisal refers to an individual's personal evaluation of the event and awareness of different coping strategies which further influences their emotion and coping style. Coping refers to the techniques or steps an individual takes in order to manage the stress they are feeling in order to have a better outcome as well as maintain positive well being (meaning-based
Coping strategies refer to the specific efforts, both behavioral and psychological, that people employ to master, tolerate, reduce or minimize stressful events. There are two general coping strategies which have been distinguished. Problem-focused strategies are efforts to do something active to alleviate stressful circumstances, where as emotion-focused coping strategies involve efforts to regulate the emotional consequences of stressful or potentially stressful events. Typically, people use both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping in their stressful episodes, which suggests that both types of coping are useful for most stressful events (Folkman & Lazarus, 1980).