To believe or not to believe that is the question. Robertson Davies’ depicts a novel in which two

The ingenious and vigorous use of metaphors reveal to the reader how crucial division between the laudable ones and those who live in contempt is and the role that possessing a unique identity plays in that. The book explains that each man should be left alone "in the temple of his spirit", and one should let it be “untouched and undefiled”, distinguished by their personalities and traits. (Rand 79). By likening a man's spirit to a temple, it establishes that every man's spirit exhibits sacrality. This comparison implies that a man may not dirty others’ hearts just so their own soul shines brighter by contrast. Soon afterwards, these thoughts are tied to the word "we" when it is written that the pronoun should "never be placed first within man's soul" or else it will "become a monster", one that is inherently evil (Rand 79). When the word “we” equates to a monster, the reader sees that not retaining individuality and submitting to the will of many leads to being like a monster taking root inside of men,

Self is one’s awareness of ideas and attitudes about one’s own personal and social identity. Identity is shaped at a young age from interpreting concepts about one’s own self from others (Mead, 1934). The present study will compare Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality the (id, ego, and, superego) to George Herbert Mead’s social self-theory the (“I” and “me”). The study will give an overview of both theorist and discuss each approach in relationship to each other, and defining the key concepts. According to Schultz and Schultz, (2008) the id is defined as the source of psychic energy and the aspect of personality allied with the instincts. The ego is defined as the rational aspect of personality responsible for

Dunstan writes that Boy's, "brazen-faced refusal to accept responsibility seemed to deepen my own guilt" (Davies 17). It is only later on, when Ramsay decides to take care of Mrs. Dempster into her old age, that this guilt is proven to actually be a driving force for his own happiness. Dempster's death is the beginning of the end for Ramsay, as she represents his first and last guilt, having stuck with him throughout his life's journey. When she dies, it seems as if Ramsay has finally been relieved of guilt, as the other stories seem to reach their respective conclusions. Once Ramsay's journey has ended, he experiences the consequences of forgetting guilt. While carrying the snowball rock in his mouth, Boy kills himself or is killed by Paul, representing some form of deadly guilt. Mrs Dempster's injury starts and ends Ramsay's journey to find happiness, and indirectly forces him to realize how powerful guilt can be. During his time as a soldier, he finds a more adult source of guilt.

Guilt is a nerving feeling that one has had at least once in their life time. Dwelling on the past can set one back majorly in life. Guilt is a major theme that has led the protagonist Dunstan Ramsay to live a unique life in Roberton Davies' novel Fifth Business. Percy Staunton is Dunstan's best friend and worst enemy. Diana Marfleet has given Dunstan the proper care one of like a mother to Dunstan. Finally, Mrs. Dempster going "simple" has led Dunstan to live in the past. In the novel Fifth Business by Robertson Davies, the characters Percy Staunton, Diana Marfleet and Mrs. Dempster have given Dunstan Ramsay's life excitement, meaning and adventure.

	Robertson Davies’ novel, Fifth Business, revolves around guilt, competition, and two men who are foils of each other. Although Dunstan Ramsay and Percy Boyd Staunton are parallels to each other, they contrast in a great number of ways. Their awkward relationship plays a significant role in the number of elements which make Fifth Business such an interesting story.

Robertson Davies’ novel “Fifth Business” outlines and describes the development of a lost and emotionally bare and void man, Dunstable (Dunstan) Ramsay. This is a man who carries the weight of Paul Dempster’s premature birth on his shoulders his entire life. It portrays his quest for self-knowledge, happiness, and ultimately fulfilling his role as ‘Fifth Business.’ This would not have been accomplished without a number of women he encounters throughout the novel. There are a number of women who play a significant role in influencing both Dunstan Ramsay's decisions and general life throughout the novel Fifth Business. They are also essential and fundamental to the character development and spiritual meaning that Dunstable seeks throughout

The conscious part of Dunny's personality is brought out by Liesl. Jung states that,"Ones self is composed of a group of

Robertson Davies’ novel Fifth Business outlines the development of the lost and empty main character Dunstan Ramsay. Dunstan forms many relationships on many different levels. Each of Dunstan’s private and intimate relationships gave him a unique view of his identity. These relationships help him understand and get closer to the accomplishments of his quest of self knowledge, happiness, and ultimately fulfilling his role as ‘Fifth Business’. Diana, Liesl and Mrs. Dempster play vital roles in Dunstan’s understanding of himself.

In every person, an ego which interacts with the world appears to exist; hence, languages use the basic pronouns, “I” and “you.” However, what can one truly classify as the self? Cognitive scientist Bruce Hood defines an illusion as, “[the] experience of something that is not what it seems.” By this definition, he classifies the self as illusory; humans naturally experience their self, but it does not actually exist. Similarly, in Pablo Neruda’s The Egoist, Neruda contrasts the ego with the natural world, deeming abandoning one’s self a necessary step to obtain lasting satisfaction with existence. Neruda conveys his idea as a physician would a diagnosis; first identifying the problem’s nature, then outlining its effects and solution.

Carl Jung’s words confirmed something I’d already had a minute understanding of. Every single person, no matter who you are, has a good and bad side to him or her. He understood this and named our less moral compulsions our “shadow” side. It’s only when we acknowledge the shadow and break through the walls of these created compartments that we can begin to integrate all parts of self and become whole. This is not to say that we have to act on them, for example to kill or cheat. However, by recognizing our undesirable personality traits are to no longer suppress them—which is worse.

Lastly, according to Jung, the archetype of self which provides stability and balance to the various systems of the personality is what should be the ultimate goal of an individual’s psychological development. Most people spend their entire lives trying to figure out who they are and what their purpose is on this earth, but without knowing who we are in Christ we can never truly come to the true realization of who we are and what our purpose is here on this earth. Without Christ at the center of who we are, we will just be aimlessly wandering this world trying to find the answers we seek in other things that will never fulfill us. Genesis 1:27 says, “So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He

According to Jung, “One function of consciousness is to maintain the relationship between the ego and the unconscious”(Laughlin, Tiberia, 131). To understand this completely, we must look at Jung’s ideas involving the consciousness. Jung believed that the consciousness is comprised of innumerable archetypes - defined as a very typical example of a certain person or thing - that we have by simple virtue of being human. Then - depending on how and what the person experiences - some of these archetypes will develop into networks, known as complexes. Finally, one will gain dominance of the consciousness and is called the ego-complex. This brings us back to the point made earlier, that one of the functions of the consciousness is to maintain the relationship between the ego and unconscious. Basically, what Jung is saying is that there is two personalities in the human mind. One is called the ego, and the other is the unconscious. Freud said the same thing, calling it the ego and id. But that is what the story arcs in the novel stand for. The Calcutec has a very well developed unconscious, which is something many people don’t have. So instead of not knowing the personality in his unconscious, he sees it as a coherent story in which he is a completely different story. It is mentioned in the arc of Wonderland that he actually doesn’t know when he is one or the other until the Professor explains it all to him.

The following will analyse the Psychodynamic theory founded by Sigmund Freud. It will focus on the components of the ‘mind’ including the Conscious, the pre-conscious proper and the Unconscious. Examining his structure of Personality with reference to The’ Id’, ‘Ego’ and ‘Super-ego’. It will discuss Freud’s proposal of stages within his ‘psychosexual development’. It will then focus on Carl Rogers Humanistic theory, explaining his concept of the ‘Actualizing tendency’ and incorporating his creations of ‘Self concept’, the ‘Organismic self’ and the ‘Ideal self’. As a contribution to Roger’s work also highlighting Abraham Maslow’s ‘Hierarchy of needs’. Freud and Rogers will then

Navigation helps individuals arrive to a given destination, but the human life also requires of such navigation. Some individuals unconsciously seek directions when challenged with a given issue and know which way to steer because of their moral compass. Furthermore, the moral compass is the soul that guides the personal self, but it is also the non-material aspect of a human being that is immortal. Although, the soul’s existence is in question, there is evidence that validates that the soul is real. Such evidence includes Plato’s theory of the tripartite soul and Sigmund Freud’s psychodynamic theory, which reevaluates Plato’s theory. Both theories address that the soul’s existence is the personality of a human being.

Number two, deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal gain. When Ramsay’s lackeys intally begin the torturing of Theon, Ramsay disguises himself as a servant boy. In the middle of the night Ramsay frees Theon and tells him that he is a friend sent by Theon’s sister and is here to rescue him. While trying to escape Theon is recaptured by Ramsay’s men who prepare to rape him as punishment for trying to escape. Ramsys dispatches these men(his own men) with arrows, building more trust between Ramsay and Theon. Ramsay tells Theon that he is leading him to deepwood motte where Theon’s sister resides. After ushering him into a room, Theon realizes that he is back in his torture chamber that he had just escaped. Theon is restrained once again and Ramsay reveals that he is actually an enemy.