Transesterification Reaction Lab Report

Using SN1 reaction mechanism with hydrochloric acid, t-Pentyl alcohol was converted to t-Pentyl chloride in an acid catalyzed reaction. The reaction took place in a separatory funnel designed to separate immiscible liquids. The crude product was extracted by transferring a solute from one solvent to another. The process of washing the solutions by phase transfer was used in order to remove impurities from the main solvent layer. Finally, the crude product was dried with anhydrous Calcium chloride and purified once more by simple distillation technique.

The purpose of this experiment was to perform a nucleophilic substitution reaction to construct a biologically active compound from two simple parts and then to recrystallize the product collected, which is a purification technique that purifies solids based on differences in solubility. In order to accomplish this, other techniques such as heating at reflux, and suction filtration were used. Heating at reflux is a technique used in lab that allows a solution to be heated for a certain amount of time once it begins boiling. Suction filtration is a separation technique that is combined with a water aspirator and was used to collect the product from this experiment, which was 2-methylphenooxyacetic acid.

Discussion: The main scientific concept explored in this laboratory was the ability to observe the chemical reaction between Fe and Cu and to determine the ratio of moles of iron used to moles of copper produced in the reaction. A chemical reaction occurred when we used 4.06 grams of copper (II) chloride and mixed it with 9.43 grams of iron nails. The copper (II) chloride used 1.24 grams of iron from the nails to produce 1.99 grams of copper solid.

The reaction took place in a conical vial and .2mL of each of the reactant samples were added to it along with some 95% ethanol. Two drops of NaOH were added shortly after and stirred at room temperature for fifteen minutes. The vial was cooled in and ice bath and crystallized. Vacuum filtration was performed to filter the crude product. The crude product was recrystallized using methanol and filtered again. We made one change to the procedure and instead of using .7mL of ethanol we

and I obtained concentrated H2SO4 and mixed it with methyl benzoate in a reaction tube in a flicking manner. A mixture of concentrated H2SO4 and concentrated HNO3 was then made in a second reaction tube and chilled in ice once mixed by flicking. The H2SO4 and HNO3 mixture was very slowly added into the methyl benzoate reaction tube. The mixture was stirred and let to cool to about 15°C. We let the mixture warm to room temperature for 15 minutes after the acid mixture was completely added.

The main purpose of this experiment was to synthesize banana oil (isopentyl acetate.) Ester are often prepared by the Fischer esterification method, which involves heating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst.

Groups that contained oxygen were carbonyl (C=O) and alcohol (C-OH) with each bonding present for a different activity based on the location and also with a hybridization of C-O bond. The presence of carbonyl (C=O) did appear in treated glycerol at 1645.6200 cm-1 but not in commercial glycerol. This is caused by some impurities during product oxidation of glycerol for example glyceraldehydes, dihydroxyacetone and also free fatty acids (Yong et al., 2001). The alcohol group (C-OH) also appears in treated and commercial glycerol at a spectra value of 1015.2800 cm-1 and 1038.5400

Before the start of the experiment, the theoretical yield was to be calculated. First, the limiting reagent was determined from the reagents by comparing the amount of moles. Among the three reagents involved in this experiment - camphor, sodium borohydride, and methanol, camphor was found to be the limiting reagent. The moles of camphor was less than the combined moles of the other two reagents. The theoretical yield, which is the amount of product that could be possibly produced after the completion of a reaction (“Calculating Theoretical and Percent Yield”), was found to be 0.25 g. Once the product was achieved, a percent yield of 97% was determined. As a result, the reduction of camphor to isoborneol was successful.

Introduction Safety is a vital component that must be present in all science labs in order to ensure full success for the lab as a whole and to keep good health. When performing labs, it is essential to be habitual to science safety manuals that vary upon lab location. The manual for secondary school students of Simcoe Country District School Board addresses significant responsibilities for students when conducting labs. One of the expectations is for students to wash their hands after working with chemicals.

In this experiment 2,3-dimethyl-2, 3-butanediol was treated with aqueous sulfuric acid in order to identify the major product. This was done using IR and NMR spectroscopy. Based on the structure of the reactant and product, as well as acid-catalyzed reactions of alcohol functional groups, a mechanism was proposed for the reaction. While carrying out the simple distillation it was important to collect the distillate and monitor the temperature change. Once the distillation was complete there were two phases, in this case the top layer contained the desired product. In order to dry the liquid MgSo4 was used this was carefully decanted in order to obtain yield of product, IR, and NMR. When analyzing the IR there were major peaks at 2970 meaning

The mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same conditions (–10◦C) for 2 h, and then the mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature and was stirred for 4 days. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the viscous residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel powder; petroleum ether–ethyl acetate, 10:1). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the product 4 was obtained. The characterization

In this experiment, methyl benzoate was synthesized from benzoic acid and methanol with acid catalyze using Fisher Esterification. First benzoic acid and methanol were mixed in 100 mL round bottom flask. We cooled the mixture in ice and poured 3 mL of conc. H2SO4 and swirled to mix compounds. Then we refluxed the mixture for 1 hour. We let the solution cool and then decanted into a separatory funnel containing 50 mL of water and rinsed the round bottom flask with 35 mL of tert-butyl methyl ether and added that to a separatory funnel. We shook and vented thoroughly and drained the aqueous layer which contained a bulk of methanol and H2SO4. We washed the solution in the separatory funnel with 25 mL of water, followed by 25 mL of sat. sodium bicarbonate

ABSTRACT: The use of glycerol residue, a palm oil waste from Oleochemical industries as a raw material for the production of succinic acid with immobilized cell fermentation process was investigated. In this work, the raw material, immobilized cells to produced succinic acid were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope instruments. Based on the results, the functional group appearing for treated and commercial glycerol is the hydroxyl, aromatic methoxyl, alkenes, soap, carbonyl and alcohol group. The hydroxyl group which is O-H appeared at a spectra value of 3394.2700 cm-1for the treated glycerol and 3299.9600 cm-1 for the commercial group. Respectively. From the analysis of SEM for bead, it was found that majority of pores fall within range and the shapes was ellipsoid and a thick skin around strains was detectable, therefore indicating that immobilized cell prepared for fermnatation process is an attractive source for succinic acid applications.

Tables 1.4 and 1.5 present the detailed properties of biodiesel obtained by synthesis based on the starting oil, as well as a general guide to biodiesel properties with regard to the type of oil contained in chain departure [29]. Table 1.5 shows that it is advantageous to use an oil with short chain and saturated. Indeed, in this case only the calorific value is not favored. The five most common channels in vegetable oils chains are palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic. As mentioned above, the FFA content influences the process and the final properties of biodiesel.

Subsequently, 10mL of 3.5% H2O2 were added dropwise to the reaction mixture and was stirred for 20 minutes before heating to boiling at 80°C for 5 minutes. The reaction mixture was then taken off heat and allowed to cool undisturbed in an ice-bath for 30 minutes. Suction filtration was performed after to collect the crystals from the chilled solution The product was then washed with chilled 95% ethanol (2 x 15mL) and followed by diethyl ether (2 x 10mL). The crude product was then left to dry before recording the yield. 20mg of the crude product is then accurately weighed out and dissolved in deionized water in a 25mL volumetric flask. Deionized water was added to the volumetric flask to the mark and the UV-vis absorption spectrum of the crude product was recorded.