Transfer RNA Synthesis Lab Report

Then the tRNA molecules link together and transfer the amino acid to the ribosome. An Anticodons pair with a codon takes the

The genetic code has 64 codons, which codes for 20 amino acids. Redundancies of the genetic code allow different variation of codons to code for the same amino acids. The benefit of this is that even if there is a mistake in the base pairing, the amino acid might be unaffected. This allows amino acids to be represented in more than one combination.

One type of functional RNA is transfer RNA, or tRNA. This type of RNA is responsible for carrying an amino acid on its acceptor stem to the ribosome (the site of protein synthesis). There, the anticodon on the tRNA must be matched with the appropriate codon on the messenger RNA (mRNA), so the correct amino acid can be added to the growing polypeptide chain. tRNAs help ensure the specificity and accuracy of translation from nucleic acid to amino acid.

The siRNA directs RISC to the target mRNA. RISC uses the siRNA guide strand to bind to a certain target site of mRNA. The siRNA and the mRNA have complementary sequence which is determined by base pairing. The target mRNA is then cut and split when bound to Argonaut and is then degraded. The siRNA completely eliminates the mRNA as it is degraded. The mRNA is needed to for the translation process so without the mRNA the protein would not be produced.

short RNA. One of these strands of RNA contains the matching sequence to that of the attacking

Anticodon is a complimentary sequence to the codon base triplets found in mRNA (it is a mirror image). When the mRNA has passed through s pore in the nuclear envelope and arrived at a ribosome, amino acids are brought by tRNA molecules (1).

The production of each peptide bond takes advantage of 3 molecules of high energy. During protein synthesis, the energy used is composed of 1 GTP, that is broken down to GDP as each amino acid-tRNA complex adheres to the A location of the ribosome. As the ribosome maneuvers to each new codon in the mRNA, 1 other GTP is broken down. Then, during amino acid activation, 1 ATP is broken down to AMP.

To prevent incorrect amino acid joining to a tRNA, an editing domain is required. The 3.90.740.10 (connecting-peptide domain) is a post-transfer editing and proofreading domain, which hydrolyses the misacylated tRNA, and is found in ValRS, IleRS and LeuRS. For example, isoleucine is larger than valine by just one methyl group, therefore these aaRS’s need to distinguish between the smaller amino acids to ensure the correct amino acid is transferred to the tRNA. The 3.90.740.10 domain is inserted into the catalytic core and if valine enters the editing domain, it will be hydrolysed and broken down, as is too small to accommodate the binding of isoleucine (Arnez. J, 2009). 1.10.730.10 (Orthogonal bundle) is another example of an editing domain, and helps with the binding of the correct bases to the anticodon (Sugiura et al.

The central dogma of molecular biology conveys the idea that genetic information passes from DNA to RNA before ‘culminating in protein synthesis’ (Bandyra & Luisi, 2015). In essence, our genetic information is mainly used to code for specific proteins. There are 20 amino acids that can be bonded together in many different orders to form a number in excess of 10 million proteins across all biological organisms (Innovateus, 2015). Proteins have many different uses and functions, as well as modifications. Examples of these differences include glycoproteins with carbohydrates attached to be used in the cell membrane and phosphorylated serine molecules that act as metabolites. For the protein to be able to carry out its specific function, it must fold in the correct way. A precise path must be followed to allow the correct shape to be formed and if there is an error in this process, the misfolded protein could lead to dangerous diseases forming.

The mRNA nucleotide triplets are called codons, and are written in the 5' to 3' direction. The denotation of the word codon is also used for the DNA nucleotide triplets along the non-template strands. These codons are complementary to the template strand in which it is identical to the mRNA, except they have a T instead of U. During translation, codons along an mRNA molecule is translated one of the 20 amino acids making up that polypeptide chains. The codons are read by translation in the 5' to 3' direction along mRNA. Each codon specifies one of the 20 amino acids that will be bonded at the corresponding position along a

Prior to the treatment of the ribosome, the P sites would function as the binding force holding the growing polypeptide chain of the amino acid to the peptidyl site. This is in correlation to the process of translation, in which the RNA is translated into a polypeptide chain with the aid of Ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. To begin the process prior to treatment, first the initiation process starts through tRNA and methionine serving as catalyst to form a complete ribosome in an empty A-site. The RNA’s from the A site are linked to the P site which allows the appropriate amino acids to connect with RNA using the A site as an amino acid storage for the polypeptide chain. Without the P site, or the blockage of it, there would be no

The substrate binding domain has a specific sequence antisense to the target mRNA. This sequence recognizes and hybridizes specifically to its substrate. (Missailidis, 2008). Alteration of the substrate binding domain can be done so that the substrate specifically cleaves any mRNA sequence. The RNA catalytic domain cleaves the substrate at a target site recognized by the ribozyme (Glick &Pasternak, 2003).

In a RNA nucleotide the organic bases can be uracil, adenine, guanine or cytosine. Where as in a DNA nucleotide there can be thymine, adenine, guanine or cytosine. In RNA the pairs are UA or CG and in DNA the pairs are TA or CG.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is extremely important in expression of protein-coding genes. mRNA molecules contain the genetic code for synthesis of particular polypeptides during translation. (Lewin’s Genes XI, 624) Messenger RNAs are unstable molecules due to the fact that cells have ribonucleases. These ribonucleases can specifically target mRNA molecules in the cytoplasm. There are two types of ribonucleases. Endoribonucleases cut the center of the RNAs, and exoribonuleases detach the ends of RNAs. (Lewin’s Genes XI, 625) The stability of mRNA is essential in controlling gene expression. Less stable RNAs are more likely to undergo changes in transcription rates, and the more stable RNAs are able to go through translation for longer periods of time. (Lewin’s Genes XI, 626)

To make proteins, amino acids must be bonded together into chains. The bond is called a peptide bond and is formed by condensation reaction.