Trypsin Research Paper

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

Osteoporosis is a medical condition in which the bones become brittle from the loss of tissue, generally as a result of specific changes. Risk factors that take part in the disease are things such as unchangeable risks like sex, age, race, family history and the size of the individual. Other risk factors include hormone levels and medication as well as dietary factors and life choices. Life choices that play a role are sedentary lifestyle these are people who spend a lot of time sitting have a higher risk of osteoporosis than do their more-active counterparts, weight-bearing exercise is beneficial for your bones to ensure the bone remolding cycle ensures them to grow strong (MayoClinic, 2013). Common symptoms that one should take into

Osteoporosis is developed when the bones lose minerals (such as calcium) too quickly and the body cannot replace them fast enough. This causes bone density to decrease and the bones to become porous, making them more fragile and susceptible to breaking. There are many risk factors for osteoporosis, some of which can be changed, some of which cannot. Those that cannot be changed include gender (women are more likely to develop osteoporosis), age (older people have a higher risk), physical build (smaller people have more of a chance), and family history (those with parents who have/had osteoporosis are more at risk). However, factors that can be changed include the level of sex hormones, diet, inactive lifestyle, excessive use of alcohol, smoking,

As osteoporosis occurs due to calcium deficiency, diet habit changes are crucial, allowing the body to recover and strengthen the bones. Bone strengthening nutrition often includes an increase intake of calcium and vitamin D (5).

An eating disorder has complex origins. Although most people think that an obsession with weight and appearance leads to this deadly disease, this is merely the surface issue. Along with the ultimate need for control, other causes can be genetic factors, parental influence, behavioral influence, environmental influence, and biochemistry. Many studies have found that eating disorders run in families. Almost always, it is the closely related females in the family who are affected. Some researchers believe that negative parental influence can come from both the maternal and paternal sides. Mothers often comment on their daughters' appearance, whether on their physical shape or on their ability to dress well. So often simple motherly love turns into a psychological desire for their daughters to be what they were not. Studies have found that these

Abnormal eating habits can develop for many reason due to humans being very complex these can be psychological factors like low self-esteem, anxiety, depression and stress. Interpersonal factors like Physical or sexual abuse, long term ridicule about size or limited availability of food during childhood. Social factors and biological factors also have effects on eating habits, all these symptoms and signs can help anyone diagnose and help someone with an abnormal eating disorder and try to make them better. Some of the risk factors involved with abnormal eating habits can are found in teens and early 20’s and while they receive praise on their weight lose it can encourage them to lose more weight.

Osteoporosis is a devastating disease that causes deterioration of bone tissue and an increased risk of bone fractures. It is a major public health problem, affecting millions of elderly over age sixty-five. The disease is one of the most costly costing fourteen billion dollars a year in U.S. health expenditures. Osteoporosis is primarily thought of as a woman's disease, it affects over two million men annually. While there are less fragile fractures in men, if they do fracture, men are more likely to die from it. Today the lack of awareness for male osteoporosis is where it was for women fifty years ago. This is a frightening fact as the lifetime risk for osteoporosis is higher than that of prostate

These include eating a diet with enough calcium and vitamin D. Good food sources of these nutrients include: milk, yogurt and cheeses, sardines, greens, soy foods, such as tofu or soymilk, salmon, and nuts and seeds. Weight bearing exercises such as walking, jogging, hiking, stair climbing, dancing, etc., help keep bones strong. Smoking and regular alcohol use is bad for bones as well as many other parts of the body, therefore avoiding these items will help in keeping bones healthy. In some cases medications may be needed to help slow the deterioration of bones and/or to encourage bone growth. Doctors may also recommend a person with osteoporosis take calcium and Vitamin D supplement if these nutrients are lacking. Hormone replacement may also be prescribed if the osteoporosis is believed to be related to decreased estrogen in women or decreased testosterone in men.

     Osteoporosis can be prevented. Regular exercise can reduce the likelihood of bone fractures associated with osteoporosis. Studies show that exercises requiring muscles to pull on bones, cause the bones to retain and perhaps even gain density. Researchers found that women who walk a mile a day have four to seven more years of bone in reserve than women who don't. Some of the recommended exercises include: weight-bearing exercises, riding stationary bicycles, using rowing machines, walking, and jogging. Avoiding smoking and watching what you drink can also decrease your chances of acquiring osteoporosis. Most important of all, a diet that includes an adequate amount of calcium (from milk and dairy products such as cheese and yogurt), vitamin D, and protein

“Most [women] reach their peak bone mass by their early 20s…and as [they] age, bone mass is lost faster than it's created” (Mayo Clinic, 2014). The more bone mass created during youth the less likely it is for osteoporosis to develop, so adequate nutrition is important. According to NIH (2014), “the daily recommendation for calcium from ages 9-18 is 1300mg and 1000mg/day thereafter. For vitamin d, it is 600IU/day after age 1” (NIH, 2014). Along with nutritional deficiencies, women who smoke, drink, and don’t exercise regularly are at higher risk for osteoporosis. Some non-behavioral risk factors include “having a family history of osteoporosis, being female, having a small frame, certain disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and anorexia nervosa; taking some medications for example glucocorticoids, gonadotropin releasing hormone, or antacids with aluminum, and menopause” (McGowan, 2012). Asian and white women are also more predisposed to having this

Like most diseases, there are various factors to which can cause osteoporosis in an individual. Certain factors determine weather or not osteoporosis will affect an individual. There are some risk factors are beyond a person’s control i.e. Family history, while some factors can be prevented like increasing calcium intake. Several individuals have a high risk for the disease, as the risk factors can depend on age, to the type of medication that has been used. Very few individuals know that they have two or more of the risk factors that can determine weather they will get osteoporosis.

Trypsin is classified as a serine protease which is found in the human digestive system, where it hydrolyses proteins. Trypsin is produced in the small intestine when its proenzyme form called trypsinogen is activated.

Calcium and Phosphate are essential in the formation of new bone. Without these minerals, bone production and bone tissue would be affected. In turn, the bones become weaker and fragile. The main cause of Osteoporosis in women is the lack of the hormone Estrogen while the main cause in men is the lack of the hormone Androgen. White and Asian descents are more at risk of being affected by osteoporosis, particularly women. The risk also increases as one ages. More risk factors include the lack of vitamin D and exercise. Medications can also interfere with the process of bone formation.

Proteins are large macromolecules that are essential for the structure, function and regulation of the body. Enzymes, which help break down proteins into their monomers, amino acids, are made up of proteins. Protein digestion begins in the stomach and is continued in the small intestine where an enzyme called trypsin, which is produced in the pancreas, breaks down the proteins in the body by cleaving the protein into small peptides and amino acids (Gillaspy). Once broken down, the amino acids can be absorbed through the pancreas and into the bloodstream. A ninhydrin test can test for the presence of amino acids, which is helpful when determining whether or not a protease enzyme, such as trypsin, is present and to observe the effects on a solution with an enzyme and a solution without an enzyme.

If you don’t get enough calcium or vitamin D, you could possibly get osteoporosis. Having this can make it very easy to break bones because they just become so fragile. It’s easy to prevent it, like getting enough of calcium and vitamin D helps, but also exercise does, and not smoking and drinking in an excess amount of alcohol. Millions of people in the United States have this condition, or they are at a high risk of getting it due to them having a low bone mass. No one wants their bones to be able to break so easily I’m sure, and I read that a person who gets osteoporosis can take some medication to help rebuild their bone mass and try to get it better. I don’t know of anyone personally who has this, or I might, but they just might not have told me about it yet, but to make sure that I don’t get it, or at least try to make sure I don’t get it, I try to exercise as much as possible and drink as much milk as I