Twenty-One Love Poems: Adrienne Rich And The Petrarchan Tradition

Upon first glance, Edna St. Vincent Millay’s “I, Being Born a Woman and Distressed” may appear to simply trace the course of a woman as she impulsively engages in the passion of a one-night stand. Yet, from a psychoanalytic lens, elements in the sonnet function to inform a different interpretation, one that transcends the manifest content of the poem to suggest that the speaker’s distress stems from her repressed homosexuality.

A distinguished sense of hollowness, and darkness is discernable in George Elliot Clarke’s poem “Blank Sonnet”. This poem expresses, the author’s difficult and awkward communication with a lover through a broken relationship. word choice and imagery is imperative to the overall effect and tone of the poem. The usage of an atypical sonnet stylization, broken sentences, forms of metaphors, symbolism, sensory language, and alliteration form strong imagery, and a sense of disconnect. The overall effect leaves the reader with a resonating feeling of emptiness.

Now I intend to turn my attention to concrete examples from Walt Whitman's poetry to provide some evidence of that sexuality played an important role in his poetry, and there are possible readings to find traces for that. Of course, we cannot only rely on selected

This sonnet has very smooth and fluid feel to it, most of which can be attributed to the iambic pentameter and Elizabethan sonnet rhyme scheme as well as the numerous sound

Written in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet, one could hardly mistake it for anything so pleasant. Sonnets being traditionally used for beautiful, appealing topics, already there is contradiction between

She looks at the ways that Edna associates with Adele Ratignolle and Madesmoiselle Reisz differently, but towards the same purpose. In this case, Mademoiselle Reisz represents the actual lesbian and one possible way of life for Edna while Adele represents what she is leaving behind. She examines how Adele Ratignolle is constructed as an ideal woman-mother, but that she becomes an individual subject when she relates to Edna through woman-identified contact. Edna finds no solace in the literal spaces in which her “metaphorical lesbian” identity can reside. Neither can other heterosexual options fulfill her desire as the “metaphorical lesbian.” The reason why Edna eventually rejects her fantasies with both Alcee Arobin and Robert Lebrun is that they offered only a re-establishment of her relationship with Leonce. They were different men, but presented the same scenario. LeBlanc argues, instead, that Edna chooses the sea as her metaphorical lesbian lover. Therefore, the ending is a triumph rather than a tragedy.

A sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines that rhyme in a particular pattern. William Shakespeare’s sonnets were the only non-dramatic poetry that he wrote. Shakespeare used sonnets within some of his plays, but his sonnets are best known as a series of one hundred and fifty-four poems. The series of one hundred and fifty-four poems tell a story about a young aristocrat and a mysterious mistress. Many people have analyzed and contemplated about the significance of these “lovers”. After analysis of the content of both the “young man” sonnets and the “dark lady sonnets”, it is clear that the poet, Shakespeare, has a great love for the young man and only lusts after his mistress.

Franscesco Petrach’ sonnet “Upon the Breeze she Spread her Golden Hair” is a love poem in which the persona describes his love feelings about the subject, Laura. However, he laments that while his love for her is everlasting, it only results in pain because the feeling is not mutual thus not reciprocated by Laura. In fact, the structure and style of the poem help in conveying his message. Petrach uses metre, rhyme, and alliteration to impart the feeling of euphony in the audience regarding the poem. Nonetheless, there are few instances in which he deviates from the set structure, which mirrors real life situations and the love experience he describes as imperfect.

In the opening lines of Millay’s poem, it seems as if she is speaking to a lover. The tone of the poem is set in the first line, “in some quite casual way” (1). Throughout the sonnet, one senses a frighteningly casual tone, something very matter of fact, as if these fourteen lines are a passing thought in Millay’s head. The alliteration of “quite casual” supports the plain-spoken tone, giving a feel of simple, everyday speech. Millay imagines that as she is on the subway, she casually glances over and notices on “the back-page of a paper, say / Held by a neighbor” (3-4) her lover is gone and not to return.

Poetry is much different than any other style of writing. Poets have a way of communicating their message in a much more indirect way than regular writers. One reader may interpret a poem in a way that is drastically different than another. To truly understand a poem, one must understand the author as well. Sharon Olds, an American poet, who is known for her morbid and unhappy poems, writes about various themes including political violence, family relationships, and sexuality (Gale). In Olds’ poem, “The Death of Marilyn Monroe” we see her examining sexuality not only in 20th century, but in today’s age as well. Olds uses the death of a famous sex icon to really show how women were, and are still being sexualized in society.

Leaves of Grass is Walt Whitman’s life legacy and at the same time the most praised and condemned book of poetry. Although fearful of social scorn, there are several poems in Leaves of Grass that are more explicit in showing the homoerotic imagery, whereas there are several subtle – should I say “implicit” – images woven into the fabric of the book. It is not strange, then, that he created many different identities in order to remain safe. What Whitman faced in writing his poetry was the difficulty in describing and resonating manly and homosexual love. He was to find another voice of his, a rhetoric device, and his effort took two forms: simplified, and subverted word play.

This sonnet serves to invoke a strong sense of realism in love, arguing that as strong an intensity of emotion as may be held, may be held, without the need for delusions of grandeur, taking the view that trying to reconcile two essentially different and diverse things as equal is to do true justice to neither. The beloved in this case thus represents more the need for a character developed to challenge stereotype than an actual real-life woman,

Adrienne Rich was a highly acclaimed twentieth-century poet who railed against war and the injustices in the world, and also used imagery that spoke tenderly of love—feelings that she sensed were both highly individual for her, but also universal. “Twenty-One Love Poems” were written between 1974-1976 to her lover of the time, and they track the course of the relationship through the sweet beginning stages, the development of mature love, and all the way through to its dissolution due to her partner’s seeming inability to “come out” and admit to her homosexuality at a time in society when relationships between women were not endorsed or supported. The language in these poems is very rich and weaves both ugly city imagery and elegant metaphors and similes together, with the apparent intention of making the reader search inside to see if the images and ideas conveyed by the language can be applied to the reader’s own experience of living too. While these poems are highly individualistic and at times very personal, this impressive and moving body of poetic accomplishment also reflects themes to which all human beings can relate.

     The sonnet, being one of the most traditional and recognized forms of poetry, has been used and altered in many time periods by writers to convey different messages to the audience. The strict constraints of the form have often been used to parallel the subject in the poem. Many times, the first three quatrains introduce the subject and build on one another, showing progression in the poem. The final couplet brings closure to the poem by bringing the main ideas together. On other occasions, the couplet makes a statement of irony or refutes the main idea with a counter statement. It leaves the reader with a last impression of what the author is trying to say.

‘Astrophil and Stella’ was first published in 1591 by the renowned Elizabethan poet Sir Philip Sidney. The Petrarchan styled sonnet sequence is comprised of 108 verses, and 11 songs in which the speaker, Astrophil shares his innermost thoughts and passions with regards to his love for a woman named Stella, the addressee of his lyric poetry. Each sonnet reconnoitres a slightly different phase of Astrophil’s love for Stella as their circumstances revolt; yet it details little of her fondness for him, as she neither rejects nor reciprocates his love, alluding to a fairly misleading romance. As the sonnets unfold, Stella weds another man, however when Astrophil learns she is miserable in her matrimony, he again becomes profusely engrossed in her. This sequence is significant as Stella eventually returns Astrophil’s adoration, but is ultimately plagued by her morality and cannot participate in carnal affairs with him as she is still wed, and this differentiates prominently with Sidney’s character Astrophil who is consumed with sexual longing for the woman he loves. As a result of Astrophil’s fixated nature, Stella refuses to continue to see him, and the closing sonnets reveal Astrophil’s thoughts and conflicting views on the matter. In the final verse, Astrophil grasps his immoral actions, and is anguished by the absenteeism of Stella from his life; however he feels some respite in knowing she once returned his love. From the three sonnets I have selected, I will now focus upon